heretics-第1节
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HERETICS
by
Gilbert K。 Chesterton
〃To My Father〃
The Author
Gilbert Keith Chesterton was born in London； England on the 29th
of May； 1874。 Though he considered himself a mere 〃rollicking journalist；〃
he was actually a prolific and gifted writer in virtually every area
of literature。 A man of strong opinions and enormously talented
at defending them； his exuberant personality nevertheless allowed
him to maintain warm friendships with peoplesuch as George Bernard
Shaw and H。 G。 Wellswith whom he vehemently disagreed。
Chesterton had no difficulty standing up for what he believed。
He was one of the few journalists to oppose the Boer War。
His 1922 〃Eugenics and Other Evils〃 attacked what was at that time
the most progressive of all ideas； the idea that the human
race could and should breed a superior version of itself。
In the Nazi experience； history demonstrated the wisdom of his
once 〃reactionary〃 views。
His poetry runs the gamut from the comic 1908 〃On Running After
One's Hat〃 to dark and serious ballads。 During the dark days of 1940；
when Britain stood virtually alone against the armed might of
Nazi Germany； these lines from his 1911 Ballad of the White Horse
were often quoted：
I tell you naught for your comfort；
Yea； naught for your desire；
Save that the sky grows darker yet
And the sea rises higher。
Though not written for a scholarly audience； his biographies of
authors and historical figures like Charles Dickens and St。 Francis
of Assisi often contain brilliant insights into their subjects。
His Father Brown mystery stories； written between 1911 and 1936；
are still being read and adapted for television。
His politics fitted with his deep distrust of concentrated wealth
and power of any sort。 Along with his friend Hilaire Belloc and in
books like the 1910 〃What's Wrong with the World〃 he advocated a view
called 〃Distributionism〃 that was best summed up by his expression
that every man ought to be allowed to own 〃three acres and a cow。〃
Though not know as a political thinker； his political influence
has circled the world。 Some see in him the father of the 〃small
is beautiful〃 movement and a newspaper article by him is credited
with provoking Gandhi to seek a 〃genuine〃 nationalism for India
rather than one that imitated the British。
Heretics belongs to yet another area of literature at which
Chesterton excelled。 A fun…loving and gregarious man； he was nevertheless
troubled in his adolescence by thoughts of suicide。 In Christianity
he found the answers to the dilemmas and paradoxes he saw in life。
Other books in that same series include his 1908 Orthodoxy （written in
response to attacks on this book） and his 1925 The Everlasting Man。
Orthodoxy is also available as electronic text。
Chesterton died on the 14th of June； 1936 in Beaconsfield；
Buckinghamshire； England。 During his life he published 69 books
and at least another ten based on his writings have been published
after his death。 Many of those books are still in print。
Ignatius Press is systematically publishing his collected writings。
Table of Contents
1。 Introductory Remarks on the Importance of Othodoxy
2。 On the Negative Spirit
3。 On Mr。 Rudyard Kipling and Making the World Small
4。 Mr。 Bernard Shaw
5。 Mr。 H。 G。 Wells and the Giants
6。 Christmas and the Esthetes
7。 Omar and the Sacred Vine
8。 The Mildness of the Yellow Press
9。 The Moods of Mr。 George Moore
10。 On Sandals and Simplicity
11。 Science and the Savages
12。 Paganism and Mr。 Lowes Dickinson
13。 Celts and Celtophiles
14。 On Certain Modern Writers and the Institution of the Family
15。 On Smart Novelists and the Smart Set
16。 On Mr。 McCabe and a Divine Frivolity
17。 On the Wit of Whistler
18。 The Fallacy of the Young Nation
19。 Slum Novelists and the Slums
20。 Concluding Remarks on the Importance of Orthodoxy
I。 Introductory Remarks on the Importance of Orthodoxy
Nothing more strangely indicates an enormous and silent evil
of modern society than the extraordinary use which is made
nowadays of the word 〃orthodox。〃 In former days the heretic
was proud of not being a heretic。 It was the kingdoms of
the world and the police and the judges who were heretics。
He was orthodox。 He had no pride in having rebelled against them；
they had rebelled against him。 The armies with their cruel security；
the kings with their cold faces； the decorous processes of State；
the reasonable processes of lawall these like sheep had gone astray。
The man was proud of being orthodox； was proud of being right。
If he stood alone in a howling wilderness he was more than a man；
he was a church。 He was the centre of the universe； it was
round him that the stars swung。 All the tortures torn out of
forgotten hells could not make him admit that he was heretical。
But a few modern phrases have made him boast of it。 He says；
with a conscious laugh； 〃I suppose I am very heretical；〃 and looks
round for applause。 The word 〃heresy〃 not only means no longer
being wrong； it practically means being clear…headed and courageous。
The word 〃orthodoxy〃 not only no longer means being right；
it practically means being wrong。 All this can mean one thing；
and one thing only。 It means that people care less for whether
they are philosophically right。 For obviously a man ought
to confess himself crazy before he confesses himself heretical。
The Bohemian； with a red tie； ought to pique himself on his orthodoxy。
The dynamiter； laying a bomb； ought to feel that； whatever else he is；
at least he is orthodox。
It is foolish； generally speaking； for a philosopher to set fire
to another philosopher in Smithfield Market because they do not agree
in their theory of the universe。 That was done very frequently
in the last decadence of the Middle Ages； and it failed altogether
in its object。 But there is one thing that is infinitely more
absurd and unpractical than burning a man for his philosophy。
This is the habit of saying that his philosophy does not matter；
and this is done universally in the twentieth century；
in the decadence of the great revolutionary period。
General theories are everywhere contemned； the doctrine of the Rights
of Man is dismissed with the doctrine of the Fall of Man。
Atheism itself is too theological for us to…day。 Revolution itself
is too much of a system； liberty itself is too much of a restraint。
We will have no generalizations。 Mr。 Bernard Shaw has put the view
in a perfect epigram： 〃The golden rule is that there is no golden rule。〃
We are more and more to discuss details in art； politics； literature。
A man's opinion on tramcars matters； his opinion on Botticelli matters；
his opinion on all things does not matter。 He may turn over and
explore a million objects； but he must not find that strange object；
the universe； for if he does he will have a religion； and be lost。
Everything mattersexcept everything。
Examples are scarcely needed of this total levity on the subject
of cosmic philosophy。 Examples are scarcely needed to show that；
whatever else we think of as affecting practical affairs； we do
not think it matters whether a man is a pessimist or an optimist；
a Cartesian or a Hegelian； a materialist or a spiritualist。
Let me； however； take a random instance。 At any innocent tea…table
we may easily hear a man say； 〃Life is not worth living。〃
We regard it as we regard the statement that it is a fine day；
nobody thinks that it can possibly have any serious effect on the man
or on the world。 And yet if that utterance were really believed；
the world would stand on its head。 Murderers would be given
medals for saving men from life； firemen would be denounced
for keeping men from death； poisons would be used as medicines；
doctors would be called in when people were well； the Royal
Humane Society would be rooted out like a horde of assassins。
Yet we never speculate as to whether the conversational pessimist
will strengthen or disorganize society； for we are convinced
that theories do not matter。
This was certainly not the idea of those who introduced our freedom。
When the old Liberals removed the gags f
