ÇåÄ©èÉÐÛ-µÚ441½Ú
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
½ô½Ó×Å£¬ËûºÍÁíÍâÁ½ÃûͬÁźÏ×÷£¬ÓÖÊÇÉè¼ÆÁËÒ»¿î¶þµÈÌú¼×½¢£¬ËäÈ»Õâ¸öÉè¼Æ×îÖÕûÓб»º£¾ü²ÉÓ㬵«È´Òò´Ë»ñµÃÁ˺úÁ¢²ÅµÄÉÍʶ£¬¶øºóºÍºúÁ¢²ÅºÏ×÷¼ÓÈëÁËÍò¶ÖÌú¼×½¢µÄÉè¼Æ¹¤×÷À´£¬×¼±¸¶ÔÏÖÓÐÍò¶ÖÌú¼×½¢µÄ¼Æ»®ÉÏ£¬½øÐиĽøÉè¼Æ£¬ÎªºóÐø¼¸ËÒµÄÍò¶ÖÌú¼×½¢Ìṩ¸ü¼ÓÓÅÁ¼µÄÉè¼Æ·½°¸¡£
³ý´ËÖ®Í⣬Ëû»¹ÔÚ1867Äê³õ£¬Ìá³öÁËÒ»¿îÈýǧ¶ÖµÄÖÐÐÍÌú¼×½¢µÄ·½°¸£¬²¢³Æ֮Ϊ¡®·À»¤Ñ²Ñ󽢡¯¡£
·À»¤Ñ²Ñó½¢£¬¹ËÃû˼Òå¾ÍÊÇÓÐ×Å·À»¤ÄÜÁ¦µÄѲÑó½¢£¡
¸ÃÉè¼Æ·½°¸ÀÐÂʽµÄѲÑó½¢²»ÔÙºÍÒÔÍùµÄÌú¼×½¢Ò»ÑùÈ«Ãæ¾ùºâ£¬¶øÊÇ×¢ÖØÐøº½ÄÜÁ¦ÒÔ¼°Ô¶ÑóµÄÊÊÓ¦ÐÔ£¬²¢×¢Öغ½ËÙ£¬ÖÁÓÚ»ðÁ¦×Ô¼º×°¼×ÔòÊÇ¿ÉÒÔÊʵ±µÄ¼õÉÙһЩ£¬Ö÷ÒªÓÃÓÚÔÚÔ¶ÑóѲÑó£¬ÔÚ´óÑóÉî´¦ÌåÏÖµÛ¹úº£¾üµÄ´æÔÚ£¬±£ÎÀµÛ¹úµÄº£ÍâÀûÒæ¡£
´Ó´Ó¾Í¿ÉÒÔºÜÇå³þµÄ·¢ÏÖ£¬ÕâÖÖѲÑó½¢´ÓÉè¼Æ¶¨Î»¿ªÊ¼£¬¾ÍºÍµÛ¹úº£¾üÒÔÍùµÄÖî¶àÕ½½¢´æÔÚ×ÅÖî¶àµÄ²ïÒì¡£Õâ²¢²»ÊÇÒ»¿î¾öÕ½ÓõÄÕ½½¢£¬ÉõÖÁ¶¼²»ÊÇÓÃÀ´·ÀÊصÄÕ½½¢¡£
Æä»ðÁ¦ºÍ×°¼×ÐËÐí²¢²»ËãÇ¿£¬µ«ÊÇÕâÌåÏÖµÄÈ´Êǵ۹úº£¾üÏò´óÑóÉͦ½øµÄ»ý¼«Õ½ÂÔ˼Ï롣ΪÒÔºó±£»¤ÏÄÍþÒÄ¡¢°¢À˹¼Ó¡¢µÚÒ»µºÁ´ÒÔÍâµÄÖî¶àº£ÍâÀûÒæ¶øÕ½¡£
º£¾ü¸ß²ã¾¹ýÌÖÂÛºó£¬Õýʽ²ÉÓÃÁ˸ÃÉè¼Æ¡£²¢½«Ö®ÁÐÈëÁËÔ¶¨µÄÊ®¶þËÒÈýµÈÌú¼×½¢µÄ¼Æ»®Ö®ÖС£
½¢Õþ²¿ÕâÖÖ´¿¼¼ÊõÐԵIJ¿ÃÅ£¬×ÊÀú¡¢Äê¼ÍʲôµÄ²»¹ÜÓã¬Ö»ÓвŻª²ÅÊǽúÉýµÄΨһ±ê×¼£¬ËùÒÔÖܼªÎÄÔڶ̶̼¸ÄêÀ¾Í´ÓÆÕͨµÄ¿ÆÔ±ÀúÈθ±¿Æ³¤£¬ÔÙµ½ÏÖÔڵĿƳ¤£¬¾üУҲÊÇìÉýµ½Á˺£¾üÉÏУ£¬³ÉΪº£¾üÄÚ½ö´ÎÓÚºúÁ¢²ÅµÄÕ½½¢Éè¼Æʦ¡£
ËûÌá³öµÄ·À»¤Ñ²Ñ󽢡£Õâ¸ö¸ÅÄî²¢²»ÊÇ˵װ¼×µÄÐÎʽ£¬ºÍºóÊÀµÄñ·¼×ѲÑó½¢²¢²»ÊÇͬһÀàÐ͵ĸÅÄ·À»¤Ñ²Ñ󽢵ĸÅÄîºÜ¼òµ¥£¬±¾ÖÊÉÏÊÇѲÑó½¢£¬µ«Ö»ÊÇÓÐÁËÒ»¶¨µÄ×°¼×·À»¤¶øÒÑ£¬ÖÁÓÚ·À»¤·½Ê½ÊDzÉÓÃñ·¼×»¹ÊÇ×°¼×ºÐÓÖ»òÕßÊÇÖصã·À»¤¶¼Ã»ÓÐËùν¡£
·À»¤Ñ²Ñ󽢵ĸÅÄîÊǺÍÕ½Áн¢¡¢¿ìËÙѲÑó½¢Ï൱£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÓÃ;µÄ¸ÅÄîÇø·Ö£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ˵¾ßÌåÐÔÄÜ¡¢¼¼ÊõÉϵÄÇø·Ö¡£
ÖܼªÎÄÉÏУµÄ·À»¤Ñ²Ñó½¢·½°¸£¬ÆäÉè¼ÆÄ¿±ê·Ç³£µÄ¼òµ¥ºÍ´¿´â£¬ÄǾÍÊÇÔÚÔ¶Ñóά³ÖµÛ¹úº£¾üµÄ´æÔÚ¡£ÓÈÆäÊÇÔÚÏÄÍþÒÄ¡¢°¢À˹¼Ó»òÕßÈÕ¡®±¾¸½½üµÄÖÐ̫ƽÑóº£ÓòÒÔ¼°ÄϺ£·½Ïò¡£
ÉÏÊöº£Óò£¬»ù±¾É϶¼ÊÇÄÇЩ¾öÕ½ÓõÄÌú¼×½¢È¥²»ÁË£¬µ±´úµÄ¾öÕ½Ìú¼×½¢ÊÜÏÞÓÚ¼¼ÊõÌõ¼þ¡£»ù±¾º½³ÌÖ»Äܱ£³ÖÔÚÁ½Ç§º£Àï×óÓÒ£¬ÉÙÓÐÄܹ»³¬¹ýÈýǧº£ÀïµÄ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬Æä×÷Õ½°ë¾¶»ù±¾ÔÚһǧÎå°Ùº£ÀïÒÔÏ£¬ÉõÖÁһǧº£Àï²»µ½¡£
ƽÈÕÀïÖ»ÄÜÔÚ×Ô¼Òº£¾ü¸Û¿Ú¸½½üתÓÆ£¬È¥²»ÁË´óÑóÉî´¦¡£
µ«Êǵ۹ú·¢Õ¹µ½ÏÖÔÚ£¬ÐèÒª±£»¤µÄº£ÍâÀûÒæÒ²²»ÉÙÁË£¬ÆäËûµÄ²»Ëµ£¬¹â¹âÊÇÒ»¸öÏÄÍþÒľÍ×ãÒÔÈõ۹úº£¾üÍ·ÌÛÁË¡£
ÕâÁ½Äê¡£µÛ¹úº£¾üÖ»ÄÜÊÇÒÀÀµ¼¸ËÒÀϾɵÄľ¿Ç·ç·«Ñ²Ñó½¢À´Î¬³ÖÔÚÏÄÍþÒĵĺ£¾üÁ¦Á¿´æÔÚ£¬´ËÍâ¾ÍÊÇÍÏÁ˼¸ÌõСÐÍÌú¼×½¢È¥ÏÄÍþÒÄÕäÖé¸Ûµ±¸Û¿ÚÊØÎÀÕß¡£
È»¶øÕâÑù×ÔÈ»ÊÇÎÞ·¨Âú×ãµÛ¹úº£¾ü¶ÔÔ¶Ñó´¬Ö»µÄÈÕÒæÅÓ´óµÄÐèÇó¡£
ËùÒÔº£¾ü¿´ÖÐÖܼªÎĵķÀ»¤Ñ²Ñó½¢²¢²»ÊÇûÓеÀÀíµÄ¡£¶øÊÇÓÐ×ÅÏÖʵÉϵÄÕ½ÂÔÐèÇó¡£
¸Ã¿î·À»¤Ñ²Ñó½¢£¬º£¾üÄÚ²¿µÄ´úºÅΪ¡®¿âÂס¯¡£ÑÓÐøÁËÒÔÍùѲÑó½¢²ÉÓùúÄÚ³ÇÊÐΪÃûµÄ´«Í³£¬Õâ¸ö´úºÅʵ¼ÊÉϾÍÊÇÔ¤¶¨µÄÊ×½¢½¢Ãû£¬²»³öÒâÍâµÄ»¹»áÊǼ¶Ãû¡£
¿âÂ×¼¶·À»¤Ñ²Ñó½¢£¬Éè¼Æ±ê×¼¶ÖλΪÈýǧ¶þ°Ù¶Ö£¬²ÉÓÃÌúÀßľ¿ÇµÄ´¬Ì壬·À»¤ÉÏ£¬Íâ²ã»á·óÉèÒ»²ã±È½Ï±¡£¬Ö»ÓÐÒ»µãÎå´çµÄ¶ÍÌú×°¼×£¬Õâ²ã±¡×°¼×Ö÷ÒªÊÇÓÃÀ´µÖ¿¹Áñµ¯µÄ¡£ÔÚÖص㲿·ÖÔòÊDzÉÓÃÖð½¥Ôöºñ£¬×îºñ´¦´ïµ½ÁËËĵãÎå´ç¡£
¶¯Á¦ÉϲÉÓ÷緫ÕôÆû»ìºÏ¶¯Á¦£¬¶ø¸Ã½¢ÔÙÒ»´Î»Ø¹éÕôÆû·ç·«»ìºÏ¶¯Á¦Ä£Ê½£¬Ò²ÊÇ˵Ã÷Á˵۹úº£¾ü¶ÔÕôÆû¶¯Á¦ÒÔ¼°·ç·«µÄ¾À½á£¬È¥ÄêµÛ¹úÒ»¶ÈÏÆÆðÁ˳¹µ×·ÅÆú·ç·«µÄºôÉù£¬²¢ÇҺܿì¾ÍÊÇÄÇЩÖ÷Á¦Ìú¼×½¢Éϵķ緫¸ø²ðµôÁË£¬Ö»ÁôÏÂÒ»¸ù¹âͺͺµÄ²tÍûΦ¸Ë¡£
µ«ÊÇûÓз緫ºó£¬Õ½½¢µÄÐøº½ÄÜÁ¦ÊÇ´ó·ù¶ÈϽµ£¬¶øÕâ¶ÔÓÚÔ¤¶©»î¶¯ÔÚ´óÑóÉî´¦µÄ¿âÂ×¼¶À´ËµÊǺÜÄѽÓÊܵģ¬ËùÒÔº£¾ü²»µÃ²»ÓÖ°Ñ·ç·«¸ø°áÉÏÁ˾ü½¢¡£
ÕôÆû»úÔòÊDzÉÓÃÒ»×ù±ê×¼µÄˮƽÍù¸´Ê½ÕôÆû»ú£¬´îÅäÁ½×ùȼú¹ø¯£¬×î´ó¹¦ÂÊ¿É´ïһǧ°Ë°ÙÆ¥ÂíÁ¦£¬´¿ÕôÆû¶¯Á¦ÏÂ×î¸ßº½ËÙÊ®Áù½Ú¡£
Î䱸ÉÏ£¬Ç°ºó¸÷ÓÐÒ»×ù°ë·â±ÕʽÐýתµ¥×°ÅÚËþ£¬¸÷×ÔÅäÊôÒ»ÃÅÁ½°ÙºÁÃ׺ó×°½¢ÅÚ£¬ÖÐÑëÅÚÀȵÄÁ½²à£¬×ܹ²²¿ÊðÁË°ËÃÅÒ»°ÙÎåÊ®ºÁÃ׵ĸ±ÅÚ£¬´¬ÌåµÄÇ°ºó×óÓÒ£¬»¹²¿Êð×ÜÊýËÄÃŵĵ¥×°°ËÊ®ºÁÃ׺ó×°ÅÚ¡£
´¬ÌåÉè¼ÆÉÏ£¬¼ÓÈëÁ˽ñÄê×îΪÁ÷ÐеÄײ½Ç¡£
¶ø¸Ã½¢×÷Ϊһ¿îÔ¶ÑóѲÑó½¢£¬
ÆäÐøº½ÄÜÁ¦²ÅÊÇÖص㣬¸Ã½¢ÔÚ´¿ÕôÆû¶¯Á¦Ï£¬Ðøº½ÄÜÁ¦¸ß´ïËÄǧÎå°Ùº£Àï¡£Èç¹û¼ÓÉÏ·ç·«¸¨ÖúµÄ»°£¬¸Ã½¢×ãÒÔ´ÓÈÕ¡®±¾¶«¾©³ö·¢£¬È»ºó²»Óþ¹ýú̿µÄ²¹¸ø¾ÍÖ±µÖÏÄÍþÒÄ¡£
¶ø½ñÌ죬ÄÇЩÀ´²Î¼ÓÕбêµÄÔì´¬³§¸ß¹ÜÃÇ£¬¾ÍÊÇΪÁËÕù¶á¿âÂ׺ÅÒÔ¼°ºóÐø½¢µÄ¶©µ¥£¡£¨Î´Íê´ýÐø¡££©
µÚÎå°Ù°ËÊ®ËÄÕ¡¡¶þµÈÌú¼×½¢µÄÕùÂÛ
¿âÂ׺ÅÒÔ¼°ºóÐø¶þºÅ½¢µÄÕб깤×÷³ÖÐøÁËÁ½Ì죬µÚÒ»ÌìÊǸ÷Ôì´¬³§Ìá½»±êÊ飬µÚ¶þÌìÔòÊÇÖ±½Ó¹«²¼¡£
µÈÕбê½á¹û¹«²¼ºó£¬ÀÖдó´óËÉÁË¿ÚÆø£¬ÕâÒ»´ÎÕбêÖУ¬Ëû¿ÉÊÇÏÂÁË´óÁ¦Æø£¬Ö±½Ó±¨³öÁËËÄÊ®°ËÍòÔ²µÄµÍ¼Û¡£
Õâ¸ö¼Û¸ñ×öÏÂÀ´£¬äÁ»¦Ôì´¬³§»ù±¾Ì¸²»ÉÏÓÐʲôӯÀûµÄ¿Õ¼ä£¬Èç¹ûËãÊÇÇ°ÆÚ´¬ÎëÒÔ¼°É豸Éý¼¶µÄͶÈ룬ÆäʵäÁ»¦Ôì´¬³§ÎªÕâÒ»µ¥»¹»á¿÷ËðºÃ¼¸Íò¡£
µ«ÊÇÀÖÐÈ´ÊDz»ÔÚºõ£¬ÇøÇø¼¸ÍòÔ²¶øÒÑ£¬äÁ»¦Ôì´¬³§¿÷µÃÆð£¬ÕâÁ½ÄêäÁ»¦Ôì´¬³§µÄÒµÎñÁ¼ºÃ£¬ÔÚÄÚºÓ´¬Ö»ÁìÓòÔÚ¹úÄÚÖî¶à´¬³§ÀïÊôÓÚµÚÒ»Ãû£¬Ã¿ÄêÔìÄÇô¶àÄÚºÓ½üº£´¬Ö»£¬×ãÒÔÈÃäÁ»¦Ôì´¬³§Ìî²¹ÕâЩ¿÷¿Õ¡£
¶øÒ»µ©äÁ»¦Ôì´¬³§Îªº£¾ü³Ð½¨´ó¶ÖλѲÑó½¢µÄÏûÏ¢´«³öÀ´£¬ÒÔºó²Î¼ÓÆäËûÔ¶ÑóÀàµÄ´¬Ö»µÄÕб꣬ºÍ¹úÄÚµÄÈý´óÔì´¬³§¾ºÕùÆðÀ´Ò²²Å¸üÓе×Æø£¬ÒªÊÇ˳ÀûµÄ»°£¬Î´À´¼¸Äê×Ô¼Ò¾ÍÄܹ»½Óµ½Ò»Ð©Ô¶Ñó´¬Ö»µÄ¶©µ¥£¬µ½Ê±ºò²ÅÊÇ·áÊÕµÄʱºò¡£
Ò»ÅÔµÄÌì½òÔì´¬³§µÄ·½À¥±ßÈ´ÊÇÓÐЩʧÍû£¬Ìì½òÔì´¬³§¸ø³öµÄ¼Û¸ñÆäʵҲ²»¸ß£¬Ò²¾ÍÎåÊ®ÍòÔ²£¬Õâ¼Û¸ñÉÏ£¬ÆäʵҲ׬²»ÁËʲôǮ£¬µ«ÊÇÄÇÀï»áÏëµ½äÁ»¦Ôì´¬³§µÄÆÇÁ¦Õâô´ó£¬ÄþÔ¸¿÷±¾Ò²ÒªÄÃÏÂÕⶩµ¥¡£
¡°¹§Ï²ÀîÐÖÁË£¬ÕâÒ»´ÎÄãÃÇäÁ»¦³§¿ÉÊǶÁ³ÁË£¡¡±ËäÈ»¾º±êʧ°ÜÁË£¬²»¹ý·½À¥±ßҲûÓÐÌ«¹ý¾ÚÉ¥£¬Ìì½òÔì´¬³§µÄ¼Òµ×±ÈäÁ»¦Ôì´¬³§Òª·áºñµÄ¶à£¬ÏÖÔÚÌì½òÔì´¬³§µÄ´¬Ì¨ÉÏ£¬¶¼»¹ÓÐÒ»ËÒ¾ü·½µÄÌú¼×½¢ÕýÔÚÊ©¹¤ÄØ¡£
¶øÇÒº£¾üµÄ¾ü½¢¶©µ¥Æäʵ²¢²»ÉÙ£¬ÕâÒ»´Îʧ°ÜÁË£¬Ï´ÎÔÙÀ´¾ÍÊÇÁË¡£
ÀÖÐÔòÊǺǺÇЦ×Å¡£ÄÔ×ÓÀïÈ´ÊÇÒѾÏë×Å£¬ÕâÒ»´Î¾º±êÄÃÏÂÀ´Á˵«ÊÇ»¹ÊÇÒª¿ØÖƺóɱ¾£¬²»ÄÜ¿÷Ì«¶àÁË¡£
²»¹ýÀÖв¢Ã»Óкͷ½À¥±ßÁĶà¾Ã¡£ºÜ¿ì¾ÍÊÇÓÐÒ»¸öº£¾üÉÏξÀ´½ÓËû£¬ËµÊÇÈÃËû×¼±¸²Î¼Óº£¾ü½¢Õþ²¿µÄ¼¼Êõ×Éѯ»á¡£
ÕâÕбêËäȻͨ¹ýÁË¡£µ«ÊǾü·½¶Ô¾ü½¢µÄÖÊÁ¿ÒªÇóËØÀ´Ñϸñ£¬¶øÇÒäÁ»¦Ôì´¬³§»¹ÊǵÚÒ»´Î³Ð½Ó´ó¶ÖλµÄ¾ü½¢£¬ËùÒÔº£¾üÄDZ߻¹ÊÇÓÐЩ²»·ÅÐĵġ£
º£¾ü½¢Õþ²¿¼¼Êõ×Éѯ»á£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÁ˽⴬³§ÏÖÓеÄÉ豸¡¢¼¼ÊõÄÜÁ¦£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²ÊÇÁ˽âÔì´¬³§×¼±¸ÔÚºóÐøÈçºÎÉý¼¶É豸µÈ£¬±ØҪʱºò£¬º£¾üµÄ¼¼Êõ²¿ÃÅÒ²ÊÇ»á¸øÓèÒ»¶¨µÄ¼¼ÊõÖ¸µ¼£¬Òýµ¼Ôì´¬³§½øÐм¼ÊõÉý¼¶¡£
µ±ÀÖдøןÏͬ·µ»ØÉϺ£ºó¡£äÁ»¦Ôì´¬³§Á¢¼´Õ¹¿ªÁË´ó¹æÄ£µÄ¼¼ÊõÉý¼¶£¬Òý½øһЩ´óÐ͵ÄÉ豸£¬ÔÚº£¾üÅÉÀ´µÄ¼àÔì´ú±íµÄ¼à¶½Ï£¬¿ªÊ¼ÔÚ¸Õ½¨³ÉµÄËÄǧ¶Ö¼¶µÄ´¬ÎëÉÏÕýʽʩ¹¤¡£
¾ü½¢µÄÏêϸͼֽ¶¼ÊÇÏֳɵģ¬¾ßÌåÒªÓÃʲôÑùµÄ¼¼Êõ±ê×¼Ò²ÊÇÓÐ×ÅÑϸñµÄ¹æ¶¨£¬²»ÊÇÔì´¬³§ÏëÒªÔõô·½±ã¾ÍÔõôÀ´µÄ¡£
¾Íµ±¿âÂ׺ÅÕâËÒ·À»¤Ñ²Ñó½¢ÕýʽǩϺÏͬ£¬²¢¼´½«¶¯¹¤µÄʱºò£¬¸ô±ÚµÄÉϺ£Ôì´¬³§µÄ±¦É½·Ö³§ÄÚµÄÄÇ×ùÒ»ÍòÎåǧ¶ÖµÄ´óÐÍ´¬ÎëÒ²ÕýÔÚ½øÐÐ×îºó½×¶ÎµÄÊ©¹¤¡£
Õâ×ù´¬ÎëÃûΪ±¦É½·Ö³§Ò»ºÅ´¬ÎëÄËÊǹúÄÚµÚ¶þ×ùÒ»ÍòÎåǧ¶ÖµÄ´óÐÍ´¬Î룬µÚÒ»×ùÔòÊÇÇൺº£¾üÔì´¬³§µÄËĺŴ¬Îë¡£
¸Ã´¬Îë°´Õռƻ®£¬Ó¦¸ÃÊÇÔÚ½ñÄêµÄʮԷÝÍê³ÉÊ©¹¤¡£È»ºóʮһÔ·ݾͻáÕýʽ³Ð½¨µÛ¹úº£¾üµÄµÚ¶þËÒÍò¶ÖÌú¼×½¢£¬¼´ò¿Óȼ¶µÄ¶þºÅ½¢¡£
Ïà¶ÔÓÚÓ¢¹úÈËÒ»Äê¾Í¿ª¹¤ºÃ¼¸ËÒÍò¶ÖÌú¼×½¢£¬µÛ¹úº£¾üÔÚÕâ·½ÃæÊÜÏÞÓÚ¾ü·ÑÒÔ¼°¹úÄÚÔì´¬³§µÄʵÁ¦Ó°Ïì¡£»¹ÊÇ×ö²»µ½£¬Ä¿Ç°Ò»Ä꿪¹¤Ò»ËÒ¶¼±È½ÏÃãÇ¿£¬ÒòΪ½¨ÔìÒ»ËÒÍò¶ÖÌú¼×½¢£¬ÆäÊ©¹¤ÆÚÖÁÉÙÈýËÄÄêÒÔÉÏ£¬ÖÁÉÙÐèÒªËÄ×ùÉõÖÁÎå×ùÒÔÉϵÄÍò¶Ö´¬Î룬²ÅÄܹ»±£Ö¤Ò»Ä꿪¹¤Ò»ËÒ¡£
¶øµÛ¹úµÄÍò¶Ö´¬Î뻹·Ç³£ÉÙ£¬Ä¿Ç°ÕýÔÚÓõÄÖ»ÓÐÇൺº£¾üÔì´¬³§µÄÈýºÅºÍËĺŴ¬Î룬·Ö±ðÊÇÒ»Íò¶ÖºÍÒ»ÍòÎåǧ¶Ö¡£
ÉϺ£Ôì´¬³§µÄ±¦É½Ò»ºÅ´¬Î뻹ÔÚÊ©¹¤ÖУ¬ÒªÊ®Ô·ݲÅÄÜÍ깤¹ãÖÝÔì´¬³§µÄÁ½Íò¶Ö´¬Îë¸üÊÇÔ¤¼ÆÔÚ1870ÄêºóÄܽ¨³É¡£¶ÔÓÚÏÖÔڵĵ۹úº£¾ü¶øÑÔ£¬ÄǾÍÊÇÒ£Ò£ÎÞÆÚ¡£
ÓÉÓÚ´¬Ì¨ÓÐÏÞ¡£¶øÇÒ¹úÄÚÄܹ»³Ð½¨Íò¶ÖÌú¼×½¢µÄ´¬³§¾ÍÖ»ÓÐÄÇôÈý¼Ò£¬ÉõÖÁÑϸñÉÏÀ´ËµÁ¬ÏÖÔڵĹãÖÝÔì´¬³§¶¼»¹·Ç³£ÃãÇ¿¡£»¹µÃÔÙ»¨¼¸Äêʱ¼ä½øÐм¼ÊõÉý¼¶¡£
ËùÒÔÍò¶ÖÌú¼×½¢µÄ¶©µ¥²»´æÔÚÕбêµÄÇé¿ö£¬ÄļÒÓд¬Ì¨¾Í¸øÄļÒÔì¡£
ͬʱÓÉÓÚÍò¶ÖÌú¼×½¢ÊµÔÚ¹ýÓÚÖØÒª£¬Ò»Ð©Éè¼ÆÍùÍùÊÇËæʱ±ä¶¯£¬±ÈÈçò¿Óȼ¶µÄ¶þºÅ½¢£¬ËäȻ˵ºÍò¿Óȼ¶ÊÇÕûÌåÀàËÆ£¬µ«Êµ¼ÊÉÏÓв»Ð¡µÄ¸Ä¶¯£¬×îÖØÒªµÄ¾ÍÊǶÖλ±äСÁË£¬Ö»ÓоÅǧ°Ë°Ù¶Ö£¬ÆäËûµÄһЩÄÚ²¿Éè¼ÆÒ²ÓÐËù¸ü¸Ä¡£
ËùÒԱ𿴶¼ÊÇò¿Óȼ¶£¬Ò»Ð©ÐÔÄÜÊý¾Ý¿´ÆðÀ´Ò²Ò»Ñù£¬µ«ÄÚ²¿µÄÏêϸÇø±ð»¹ÊÇÓеġ£
ò¿Óȼ¶¶þºÅ½¢µÄÉè¼ÆÔçÒѾÍê³É£¬ÏÖÔÚÉϺ£Ôì´¬³§ÄDZßÒѾÊÇ¿ªÊ¼°´ÕÕÉè¼Æͼֽ׼±¸Ç°ÆÚ¹¤×÷¡£
¸Ã½¢Ò²ÒѾÊDZ»ÕýʽÃüÃûΪ·ç²®ºÅ£¬Ò»Èç¼ÈÍùµÄʹÓÃÉϹÅÉñ»°ÈËÎïΪ½¢Ãû¡£
¸Ã½¢Ô¤¼ÆÔÚ½ñÄêµÄÊ®¶þÔ·ݽ«»áÕýʽÆÌϵÚÒ»¸ùÁú¹Ç£¬±êÖ¾×ŵ۹úº£¾üµÚ¶þËÒÍò¶Ö¾Þ½¢µÄ½¨Ô칤×÷ÕýʽÆô¶¯¡£
1867Ä꣬µÛ¹ú¿ª¹¤µÄ¾ü½¢Æäʵ²¢²»¶à£¬Íò¶Ö¾Þ½¢Ò»ËÒ£¬·À»¤Ñ²Ñó½¢Á½ËÒ£¬¿ìËÙѲÑó½¢Ò»ËÒ£¬È»ºó¾ÍÊÇÓм¸ËҵĽüº£ÄÚºÓСÐÍÌú¼×½¢ÒÔ¼°Èô¸É¸¨Öú½¢ÁË¡£
ÕâÀïÍ·ÓÐÒ»¸öÏÖÏó¾ÍÊÇ£¬×Ô´ÓÈ¥ÄêÄêµ×µÚ¶þËҿ丸¼¶´óÐÍÌú¼×½¢£¬¼´ºóôàºÅÔÚÉϺ£Ôì´¬³§¶¯¹¤ºó£¬½ñÄêÒ»ÄêÀµÛ¹úº£¾ü¾ÍûÓмÌÐø¶©¹ºËÄǧ¶Öµ½°Ëǧ¶ÖÖ®¼äµÄÖдóÐÍÌú¼×½¢ÁË¡£
Ôì³ÉÕâÖÖÇé¿öµÄÔÒò±È½Ï¸´ÔÓ£¬Ò»·½ÃæÊÇÕâÖÖ´óÐÍÌú¼×½¢¶ÖλҲ²»Ð¡£¬ÏÖÔÚ»ù±¾¶¼ÊÇÎåÁùǧ¶ÖÆð²½£¬¹úÄÚÄܹ»³Ð½¨ÕâÖÖ¾ü½¢µÄÔì´¬³§ÒÀ¾ÉÖ»ÓÐÈý¼Ò£¬¶øÏÖÔÚÕâÈý¼ÒÔì´¬³§µÄ´ó¶Öλ´¬Îë»ù±¾¶¼ÒѾÂú¸ººÉÔËÐУ¬Ã»ÓпÕÓàµÄ´¬Îë³Ð½Ó´óÐÍÌú¼×½¢ÁË¡£
Òª²»È»µÄ»°£¬ÕâÒ»´Îº£¾üÒ²²»»á°ÑÁ½ËÒ·À»¤Ñ²Ñó½¢µÄÆäÖÐÒ»ËÒ¶©µ¥¸øÁËäÁ»¦Ôì´¬³§¡£
ÁíÍâÒ»·½Ã棬¾ÍÊÇÏÖÔÚº£¾üÄÚ²¿¶ÔËÄǧ¶Öµ½°Ëǧ¶ÖÖ®¼äµÄ´óÐÍÌú¼×½¢´æÔÚ×ÅÒ»¶¨µÄ·ÖÆ磬ÏÖÔÚÊÇÕùÂÛ²»ÐÝ£¬¸÷ÖÖ¸÷ÑùµÄÉè¼Æ·½°¸¶¼ÓУ¬µ«ÊÇÈ´ÎÞ·¨´ï³ÉÒ»¸öͳһÓÐЧµÄÒâ¼û¡£
È¥Äêºó£¬º£¾üÄÚ²¿¶ÔÌú¼×½¢µÄµÈ¼¶Öƶ¨ÁË·ÖÀ࣬ÒÔ·À»¤ÎªÖ÷ÒªÌØÕ÷£¬¸¨ÒÔ½¢ÅÚ¡¢ËٶȵÈÌØÕ÷£¬»¯Îª·ÖÒ»µÈÌú¼×½¢¡¢¶þµÈÌú¼×½¢¡¢ÈýµÈÌú¼×½¢¡£ÕâÈý¸öµÈ¼¶µÄÌú¼×½¢ËäÈ»¶ÖλÓдóÓÐС£¬µ«ÊǶ¼ÊÇÓÐןñʵµÄ×°¼×£¬Äܹ»À³öÈ¥´ò¾öÕ½£¬ÄÜ¿ÓÄÜ´òµÄÄÇÖÖ¡£
ºÍµÍ·À»¤»òÕßÎÞ·À»¤µÄ¾ü½¢ÓÐ×ű¾ÖʵÄÇø±ð£¬·À»¤²»×ãµÄ¾ü½¢ÔÚµÛ¹úº£¾üÀï±»³Æ֮ΪѲÑó½¢£¬·À»¤Ñ²Ñó½¢£¬¿ìËÙѲÑ󽢶¼ËãÊÇÆäÖÐÖ®Ò»¡£
ÖÁÓÚ½üº£¡¢ÄÚºÓµÈÌú¼×½¢ÓÖÊDZȽÏÌØÊ⣬»ù±¾Êǵ¥¶À·ÖÀàΪ½üº£Ìú¼×½¢ºÍ½üº£ÅÚ½¢¡¢ÄÚºÓÅÚ½¢¡£
Ò»µÈÌú¼×½¢×ÔÈ»ÊÇÄÇЩÍò¶ÖÌú¼×½¢ÁË£¬½¢¶Ó¾öսʱµÄ¾ø¶ÔÖ÷Á¦¡£
¶þµÈÌú¼×½¢µÄ»°£¬ÔòÊÇÒÔ¶ÖλºÍ»ðÁ¦¶¼ÈõÓÚÒ»µÈÌú¼×½¢£¬µ«ÊÇÒ²Ó¦µ±ÓÐËÄǧ¶ÖÒÔÉϵĶÖλ£¬Ä¿Ç°µÛ¹úº£¾üÀïµÄÑ×µÛ¼¶¾ÍÊDZ»»®Îª¶þµÈÌú¼×½¢¡¢¶øÉÐδ·þÒÛµÄÌìÎâºÅ¡¢ÒÔ¼°¿ä¸¸ºÅ¡¢ºóôàºÅÒ²ÊÇͬÑùÊôÓÚ¶þµÈÌú¼×½¢¡£
ÖÁÓÚÈýµÈÌú¼×½¢£¬ÔòÊÇÅ̹ż¶Ìú¼×½¢£¬µ«ÊÇÓÉÓÚ¶ÖλºÍѲÑó½¢ÖØÌù£¬¼ÓÉϵ۹úº£¾üÒ²ÊÇÖð½¥Å×ÆúÁËС¶ÖλµÄ¾öÕ½ÓÃÌú¼×½¢£¬×ª¶ø½¨Ôì·À»¤»òÕß¿ìËÙѲÑó½¢£¬ËùÒÔµÚÒ»ÆÚÎåÄê¼Æ»®ÀÈýµÈÌú¼×½¢µÄ·Ý¶îÊÇÒѾ±»Ñ²Ñó½¢ËùÈ¡´ú¡£
²»³öÒâÍâµÄ»°£¬Å̹ż¶¾ÍÊÇ×îºóÒ»¼¶µÄÈýµÈÌú¼×½¢ÁË£¬²»»áÔÙÓкóÐø½¢ÖÖ¡£
¶þµÈÌú¼×½¢¶ÔÓÚµÛ¹úº£¾ü¶øÑÔ£¬¾ßÓм«´óµÄÕ½ÂÔÖØÒªÐÔ£¬ÒòΪÖØÒª£¬ËùÒÔ¸÷·½¶¼ÊÇÏ൱½÷É÷¡£
ÓеÄÈËÏëÒªÑÓÐøÄÇÖÖÎåǧ¶à¶ÖµÄÌú¼×½¢£¬Ò²¾ÍÊǼÌÐø½¨Ôì¿ä¸¸¼¶ÕâÑùµÄ½¢ÖÖ£¬µ«ÊÇÓеÄÈËÒ²ÊÇÈÏΪ£¬È˼ÒÓ¢¹úÀгýÁËÍò¶ÖÌú¼×½¢Í⣬»¹ÓÐÒ»´ó¶ÑµÄÁùǧ¶ÖÒÔÉϵ½°Ëǧ¶à¶ÖµÄÌú¼×½¢£¬ÕâЩÌú¼×½¢ÔÚ×÷սЧÄÜÉÏ£¬Æäʵ²¢²»±ÈÍò¶ÖÌú¼×½¢²î¶àÉÙ¡£
µ½Ê±ºòÍòÒ»ºÍÓ¢¹úÈË·¢Éú³åÍ»ÁË£¬×Ô¼ÒµÄÄÇЩËÄÎåǧ¶ÖµÄ¶þµÈÌú¼×½¢Äܹ»µ²µÃסӢ¹úÈ˵ÄÁùÆßǧ¶ÖÉõÖÁ°Ëǧ¶ÖµÄ¶þµÈÌú¼×½¢Âð£