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men　who　behold　them。　＇29＇　And　his　people；　he　thought；　would　learn　to
obey　if　it　were　plain　that　he　honoured　frank　and　prompt　obedience　even
above　virtues　that　made　a　grander　show　and　were　harder　to　attain。　＇30＇
Such　was　his　belief；　and　his　practice　went　with　it　to　the　end。　His　own
temperance　and　the　knowledge　of　it　made　others　more　temperate。　When
they　saw　moderation　and　self…control　in　the　man　who　above　all　others
had　licence　to　be　insolent；　lesser　men　were　the　more　ready　to　abjure
all　insolence　of　their　own。　＇31＇　But　there　was　this　difference；　Cyrus
held；　between　modesty　and　self…control：　the　modest　man　will　do　nothing
shameful　in　the　light　of　day；　but　the　man　of　self…control　nothing
base；　not　even　in　secret。　＇32＇　Self…restrain；　he　believed；　would　best
be　cultivated　if　he　made　men　see　in　himself　one　who　could　not　be
dragged　from　the　pursuit　of　virtue　by　the　pleasure　of　the　moment；　one
who　chose　to　toil　first　for　the　happy…hearted　joys　that　go　hand…in…
hand　with　beauty　and　nobleness。　＇33＇　Thus；　being　the　man　he　was；　he
established　at　his　gates　a　stately　company；　where　the　lower　gave　place
to　the　higher；　and　they　in　their　turn　showed　reverence　to　each　other；
and　courtesy；　and　perfect　harmony。　Among　them　all　there　was　never　a
cry　of　anger　to　be　heard；　nor　a　burst　of　insolent　laughter；　to　look　at
them　was　to　know　that　they　lived　for　honour　and　loveliness。

＇34＇　Such　was　the　life　at　the　palace…gates；　and　to　practise　his　nobles
in　martial　exercises　he　would　lead　them　out　to　the　hunt　whenever　he
thought　it　well；　holding　the　chase　to　be　the　best　training　for　war　and
the　surest　way　to　excellence　in　horsemanship。　＇35＇　A　man　learns　to
keep　his　seat；　no　matter　what　the　ground　may　be；　as　he　follows　the
flying　quarry；　learns　to　hurl　and　strike　on　horseback　in　his　eagerness
to　bring　down　the　game　and　win　applause。　＇36＇　And　here；　above　all；　was
the　field　in　which　to　inure　his　colleagues　to　toil　and　hardship　and
cold　and　heat　and　hunger　and　thirst。　Thus　to　this　day　the　Persian
monarch　and　his　court　spend　their　leisure　in　the　chase。　＇37＇　From　all
that　has　been　said；　it　is　clear　Cyrus　was　convinced　that　no　one　has　a
right　to　rule　who　is　not　superior　to　his　subjects；　and　he　held　that　by
imposing　such　exercises　as　these　on　those　about　him；　he　would　lead
them　to　self…control　and　bring　to　perfection　the　art　and　discipline　of
war。　＇38＇　Accordingly　he　would　put　himself　at　the　head　of　the　hunting…
parties　and　take　them　out　himself　unless　he　was　bound　to　stay　at　home；
and；　if　he　was；　he　would　hunt　in　his　parks　among　the　wild　creatures　he
had　reared。　He　would　never　touch　the　evening　meal　himself　until　he　had
sweated　for　it；　nor　give　his　horses　their　corn　until　they　had　been
exercised；　and　he　would　invite　his　own　mace…bearers　to　join　him　in　the
chase。　＇39＇　Therefore　he　excelled　in　all　knightly　accomplishments；　he
and　those　about　him；　because　of　their　constant　practice。　Such　was　the
example　he　set　before　his　friends。　But　he　also　kept　his　eye　on　others；
and　would　single　out　those　who　worshipped　noble　deeds；　and　reward　them
with　gifts；　and　high　commands；　and　seats　at　festivals；　and　every　kind
of　honour。　And　thus　their　hearts　were　filled　with　ambition；　and　every
man　longed　to　outdo　his　fellows　in　the　eyes　of　Cyrus。

＇40＇　But　we　seem　to　learn　also　that　Cyrus　thought　it　necessary　for　the
ruler　not　only　to　surpass　his　subjects　by　his　own　native　worth；　but
also　to　charm　them　through　deception　and　artifice。　At　any　rate　he
adopted　the　Median　dress；　and　persuaded　his　comrades　to　do　likewise；
he　thought　it　concealed　any　bodily　defect；　enhancing　the　beauty　and
stature　of　the　wearer。　＇41＇　The　shoe；　for　instance；　was　so　devised
that　a　sole　could　be　added　without　notice；　and　the　man　would　seem
taller　than　he　really　was。　So　also　Cyrus　encouraged　the　use　of
ointments　to　make　the　eyes　more　brilliant　and　pigments　to　make　the
skin　look　fairer。　＇42＇　And　he　trained　his　courtiers　never　to　spit　or
blow　the　nose　in　public　or　turn　aside　to　stare　at　anything；　they　were
to　keep　the　stately　air　of　persons　whom　nothing　can　surprise。　These
were　all　means　to　one　end；　to　make　it　impossible　for　the　subjects　to
despise　their　rulers。

＇43＇　Thus　he　moulded　the　men　he　considered　worthy　of　command　by　his
own　example；　by　the　training　he　gave　them；　and　by　the　dignity　of　his
own　leadership。　But　the　treatment　of　those　he　prepared　for　slavery　was
widely　different。　Not　one　of　them　would　he　incite　to　any　noble　toil；
he　would　not　even　let　them　carry　arms；　and　he　was　careful　that　they
should　never　lack　food　or　drink　in　any　manly　sort。　＇44＇　When　the
beaters　drove　the　wild　creatures　into　the　plain　he　would　allow　food　to
be　brought　for　the　servants；　but　not　for　the　free　men；　on　a　march　he
would　lead　the　slaves　to　the　water…springs　as　he　led　the　beasts　of
burden。　Or　when　it　was　the　hour　of　breakfast　he　would　wait　himself
till　they　had　taken　a　snatch　of　food　and　stayed　their　wolfish　hunger；
and　the　end　of　it　was　they　called　him　their　father　even　as　the　nobles
did；　because　he　cared　for　them；　but　the　object　of　his　care　was　to　keep
them　slaves　for　ever。

＇45＇　Thus　he　secured　the　safety　of　the　Persian　empire。　He　himself；　he
felt　sure；　ran　no　danger　from　the　massages　of　the　conquered　people；　he
saw　they　had　no　courage；　no　unity；　and　no　discipline；　and；　moreover；
not　one　of　them　could　ever　come　near　him；　day　or　night。　＇46＇　But　there
were　others　whom　he　knew　to　be　true　warriors；　who　carried　arms；　and
who　held　by　one　another；　commanders　of　horse　and　foot；　many　of　them
men　of　spirit；　confident；　as　he　could　plainly　see；　of　their　own　power
to　rule；　men　who　were　in　close　touch　with　his　own　guards；　and　many
of　them　in　constant　intercourse　with　himself；　as　indeed　was　essential
if　he　was　to　make　any　use　of　them　at　all。　It　was　from　them　that　danger
was　to　be　feared；　and　that　in　a　thousand　ways。　＇47＇　How　was　he　to
guard　against　it？　He　rejected　the　idea　of　disarming　them；　he　thought
this　unjust；　and　that　it　would　lead　to　the　dissolution　of　the　empire。
To　refuse　them　admission　into　his　presence；　to　show　them　his　distrust；
would　be；　he　considered；　a　declaration　of　war。　＇48＇　But　there　was　one
method；　he　felt；　worth　all　the　rest；　an　honourable　method　and　one　that
would　secure　his　safety　absolutely；　to　win　their　friendship　if　he
could；　and　make　them　more　devoted　to　himself　than　to　each　other。　I
will　now　endeavour　to　set　forth　the　methods；　so　far　as　I　conceive
them；　by　which　he　gained　their　love。

＇C。2＇　In　the　first　place　he　never　lost　an　opportunity　of　showing
kindliness　wherever　he　could；　convinced　that　just　as　it　is　not　easy　to
love　those　who　hate　us；　so　it　is　scarcely　possible　to　feel　enmity　for
those　who　love　us　and　wish　us　well。　＇2＇　So　long　as　he　had　lacked　the
power　to　confer　benefits　by　wealth；　all　he　could　do　then　was　to　show
his　personal　care　for　his　comrades　and　his　soldiers；　to　labour　in
their　behalf；　manifest　his　joy　in　their　good　fortune　and　his　sympathy
in　their　sorrows；　and　try　to　win　them　in　that　way。　But　when　the　time
came　for　the　gifts　of　wealth；　he　realised　that　of　all　the　kindnesses
between　man　and　man　none　come　with　a　more　natural　grace　than　the　gifts
of　meat　and　drink。　＇3＇　Accordingly　he　arranged　that　his　table　should
be　spread　every　day　for　many　guests　in　exactly　the　same　way　as　for
himself；　and　all　that　was　set　before　him；　after　he　and　his　guests　had
dined；　he　would　send　out　to　his　absent　friends；　in　token　of　affection
and　remembrance。　He　would　include　those　who　had　won　his　approval　by
their　work　on　guard；　or　in　attendance　on　himself；　or　in　any　other
service；　letting　them　see　that　no　desire　to　please　him　could　ever
escape　his　eyes。　＇4＇　He　would　show　the　same　honour　to　any　servant　he
wished　to　praise；　and　he　had　all　the　food　for　them　placed　at　his　own
board；　believing　this　would　win　their　fidelity；　as　it　would　a　dog's。
Or；　if　he　wished　some　friend　of　his　to　be　courted　by　the　people；　he
would　single　him　out　for　such　gifts；　even　to　this　day　the　world　will
pay　court　to　those　who　have　dishes　sent　them　from　the　Great　King's
table；　thinking　they　must　be　in　high　favour　at　the　palace　and　can　get
things　done　for　others。　But　no　doubt　there　was　another　reason　for　the
pleasure　in　such　gifts；　and　that　was　the　sheer　delicious　taste　of　the
royal　meats。　＇5＇　Nor　should　that　surprise　us；　for　if　we　remember　to
what　a　pitch　of　perfection　the　other　crafts　are　brought　in　great
communities；　we　ought　to　expect　the　royal　dishes　to　be　wonders　of
finished　art。　In　a　small　city　the　same　man　must　make　beds　and　chairs
and　ploughs　and　tables；　and　often　build　houses　as　well；　and　indeed　he
will　be　only　too　glad　if　he　can　find　enough　employers　in　all　trades　to
keep　him。　Now　it　is　impossible　that　a　single　man　working　at　a　dozen
crafts　can　do　them　all　well；　but　in　the　great　cities；　owing　to　the
wide　demand　for　each　particular　thing；　a　single　craft　will　suffice　for
a　means　of　livelihood；　and　often　enough　even　a　single　department　of
that；　there　are　shoe…makers　who　will　only　make　sandals　for　men　and
others　only　for　women。　Or　one　artisan　will　get　his　living　merely　by
stitching　shoes；　another　by　cutting　them　out；　a　third　by　shaping　the
upper　leathers；　and　a　fourth　will　do　nothing　but　fit　the　parts
together。　Necessarily　th