madam how and lady why(ºÀ·òÈ˺ͻ³Å®Ê¿)-µÚ12½Ú
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
or¡¡more¡¡than¡¡half¡¡of¡¡the¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡crater¡¡had¡¡been¡¡blown¡¡away£»¡¡and¡¡
what¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡left£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡called¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Monte¡¡¡¡¡¡Somma£»¡¡¡¡¡¡stands¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡half¡¡
circle¡¡round¡¡the¡¡new¡¡cone¡¡and¡¡new¡¡crater¡¡which¡¡is¡¡burning¡¡at¡¡this¡¡very¡¡day¡£¡¡
True£»¡¡after¡¡that¡¡eruption¡¡which¡¡killed¡¡Pliny£»¡¡Vesuvius¡¡fell¡¡asleep¡¡again£»¡¡and¡¡
did¡¡not¡¡awake¡¡for¡¡134¡¡years£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡again¡¡for¡¡269¡¡years¡¡but¡¡it¡¡has¡¡been¡¡
growing¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡restless¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ages¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡passed¡¡¡¡¡¡on£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡
hardly¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡passes¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡sending¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡smoke¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡stones¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡
crater£»¡¡and¡¡streams¡¡of¡¡lava¡¡from¡¡its¡¡sides¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡now£»¡¡I¡¡suppose£»¡¡you¡¡will¡¡want¡¡to¡¡know¡¡what¡¡a¡¡volcano¡¡is¡¡like£»¡¡and¡¡
what¡¡a¡¡cone£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡crater£»¡¡and¡¡lava¡¡are£¿¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡a¡¡volcano¡¡is¡¡like£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡easy¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡show¡¡you£»¡¡for¡¡they¡¡are¡¡the¡¡
most¡¡simply¡¡and¡¡beautifully¡¡shaped¡¡of¡¡all¡¡mountains£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡are¡¡alike¡¡all¡¡
over¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡whether¡¡they¡¡be¡¡large¡¡or¡¡small¡£¡¡Almost¡¡every¡¡volcano¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡world£»¡¡I¡¡believe£»¡¡is£»¡¡or¡¡has¡¡been¡¡once£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡shape¡¡which¡¡you¡¡see¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
drawing¡¡opposite£»¡¡even¡¡those¡¡volcanos¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Sandwich¡¡Islands£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡37¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡38¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡MADAM¡¡HOW¡¡AND¡¡LADY¡¡WHY¡¡
you¡¡have¡¡often¡¡heard£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡now¡¡great¡¡lakes¡¡of¡¡boiling¡¡fire¡¡upon¡¡flat¡¡
downs£»¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡cone¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡£¡¡¡¡They£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡believe£»¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡volcanos¡¡
which¡¡have¡¡fallen¡¡in¡¡ages¡¡ago£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡just¡¡as¡¡in¡¡Java¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡burning¡¡mountain¡¡
fell¡¡in¡¡on¡¡the¡¡night¡¡of¡¡the¡¡11th¡¡of¡¡August£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1772¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Then£»¡¡after¡¡a¡¡
short¡¡and¡¡terrible¡¡earthquake£»¡¡a¡¡bright¡¡cloud¡¡suddenly¡¡covered¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡
mountain¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡people¡¡who¡¡dwelt¡¡around¡¡it¡¡tried¡¡to¡¡escape£»¡¡but¡¡before¡¡the¡¡
poor¡¡souls¡¡could¡¡get¡¡away¡¡the¡¡earth¡¡sunk¡¡beneath¡¡their¡¡feet£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡
mountain¡¡¡¡¡¡fell¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡swallowed¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡noise¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡cannon¡¡
were¡¡being¡¡fired¡£¡¡Forty¡¡¡¡villages¡¡and¡¡nearly¡¡¡¡3000¡¡people¡¡were¡¡destroyed£»¡¡
and¡¡where¡¡the¡¡mountain¡¡had¡¡been¡¡was¡¡only¡¡a¡¡plain¡¡of¡¡red¡hot¡¡stones¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡
the¡¡same¡¡way£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1698£»¡¡the¡¡top¡¡of¡¡a¡¡mountain¡¡in¡¡Quito¡¡fell¡¡in¡¡in¡¡a¡¡
single¡¡night£»¡¡leaving¡¡only¡¡two¡¡immense¡¡peaks¡¡of¡¡rock¡¡behind£»¡¡and¡¡pouring¡¡
out¡¡great¡¡floods¡¡of¡¡mud¡¡mixed¡¡with¡¡dead¡¡fish£»¡¡for¡¡there¡¡are¡¡underground¡¡
lakes¡¡among¡¡those¡¡volcanos¡¡which¡¡swarm¡¡with¡¡little¡¡fish¡¡which¡¡never¡¡see¡¡
the¡¡light¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡volcanos¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡say£»¡¡¡¡¡¡are£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡been£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡shape¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡
which¡¡you¡¡see¡¡here¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡Cotopaxi£»¡¡in¡¡Quito£»¡¡more¡¡than¡¡19£»000¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡
height¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡All¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡sloping¡¡¡¡¡¡sides¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡cinders¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡ashes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡braced¡¡
together£»¡¡I¡¡suppose£»¡¡by¡¡bars¡¡of¡¡solid¡¡lava¡stone¡¡inside£»¡¡which¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡
whole¡¡from¡¡crumbling¡¡down¡£¡¡The¡¡upper¡¡part£»¡¡you¡¡see£»¡¡is¡¡white¡¡with¡¡snow£»¡¡
as¡¡far¡¡down¡¡as¡¡a¡¡line¡¡which¡¡is¡¡15£»000¡¡feet¡¡above¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡mountain¡¡
is¡¡in¡¡the¡¡tropics£»¡¡close¡¡to¡¡the¡¡equator£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡snow¡¡will¡¡not¡¡lie¡¡in¡¡that¡¡hot¡¡
climate¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡lower¡¡¡¡¡¡down¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡snow¡¡¡¡¡¡melts¡¡¡¡¡¡off¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
rushes¡¡¡¡¡¡down¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡mountain¡¡¡¡¡¡side¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡floods¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡water¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡mud£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
cindery¡¡cone¡¡of¡¡Cotopaxi¡¡stands¡¡out¡¡black¡¡and¡¡dreadful¡¡against¡¡the¡¡clear¡¡
blue¡¡sky£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡that¡¡country¡¡know¡¡what¡¡is¡¡coming¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡
mountain¡¡is¡¡growing¡¡so¡¡hot¡¡inside¡¡that¡¡it¡¡melts¡¡off¡¡its¡¡snowy¡¡covering£»¡¡and¡¡
soon¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡burst¡¡¡¡¡¡forth¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡smoke¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡steam£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡red¡hot¡¡¡¡¡¡stones¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
earthquakes£»¡¡which¡¡will¡¡shake¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡and¡¡roars¡¡that¡¡will¡¡be¡¡heard£»¡¡it¡¡
may¡¡be£»¡¡hundreds¡¡of¡¡miles¡¡away¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡words¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡cone£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡crater£»¡¡¡¡lava¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡
understand¡¡those¡¡words£»¡¡you¡¡will¡¡see¡¡why¡¡volcanos¡¡must¡¡be¡¡in¡¡general¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡shape¡¡of¡¡Cotopaxi¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Cone£»¡¡¡¡¡¡crater£»¡¡¡¡¡¡lava£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡words¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡alphabet¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡volcano¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡38¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡39¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡MADAM¡¡HOW¡¡AND¡¡LADY¡¡WHY¡¡
learning¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡cone¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡outside¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡huge¡¡¡¡¡¡chimney£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡crater¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
mouth¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡lava¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ore¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡melted¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡furnace¡¡
below£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡may¡¡flow¡¡out¡¡over¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡land£»¡¡and¡¡make¡¡new¡¡
land¡¡instead¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡where¡¡is¡¡the¡¡furnace¡¡itself£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Who¡¡can¡¡tell¡¡that£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Under¡¡the¡¡roots¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡mountains£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡depths¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡down¡¡¡¨the¡¡path¡¡which¡¡no¡¡
fowl¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡knoweth£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡vulture's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡eye¡¡¡¡¡¡hath¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡seen£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡lion's¡¡
whelp¡¡¡¡¡¡hath¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡trodden¡¡¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡¡¡¡¡nor¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fierce¡¡¡¡¡¡lion¡¡¡¡¡¡passed¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡£¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡
putteth¡¡forth¡¡His¡¡hand¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡rock£»¡¡He¡¡overturneth¡¡the¡¡mountain¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
roots£»¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡cutteth¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡rivers¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡rocks£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡His¡¡¡¡¡¡eye¡¡¡¡¡¡seeth¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡
precious¡¡¡¡¡¡thing¡¨while¡¡¡¡¡¡we£»¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡little¡¡¡¡¡¡ants£»¡¡¡¡¡¡run¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡down¡¡¡¡¡¡outside¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
earth£»¡¡scratching£»¡¡like¡¡ants£»¡¡a¡¡few¡¡feet¡¡down£»¡¡and¡¡calling¡¡that¡¡a¡¡deep¡¡ravine£»¡¡
or¡¡peeping¡¡a¡¡few¡¡feet¡¡down¡¡into¡¡the¡¡crater¡¡of¡¡a¡¡volcano£»¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡guess¡¡
what¡¡precious¡¡things¡¡may¡¡lie¡¡belowbelow¡¡even¡¡the¡¡fire¡¡which¡¡blazes¡¡and¡¡
roars¡¡up¡¡through¡¡the¡¡thin¡¡crust¡¡of¡¡the¡¡earth¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inside¡¡of¡¡this¡¡earth¡¡
we¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡whatsoever£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is£»¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡average£»¡¡
several¡¡times¡¡as¡¡heavy¡¡as¡¡solid¡¡rock£»¡¡but¡¡how¡¡that¡¡can¡¡be£»¡¡we¡¡know¡¡not¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡So¡¡let¡¡us¡¡look¡¡at¡¡the¡¡chimney£»¡¡and¡¡what¡¡comes¡¡out¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡for¡¡we¡¡can¡¡see¡¡
very¡¡little¡¡more¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Why¡¡is¡¡a¡¡volcano¡¡like¡¡a¡¡cone£¿¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡the¡¡same¡¡cause¡¡for¡¡which¡¡a¡¡molehill¡¡is¡¡like¡¡a¡¡cone£»¡¡though¡¡a¡¡very¡¡
rough¡¡one£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡little¡¡heaps¡¡which¡¡the¡¡burrowing¡¡beetles¡¡make¡¡on¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡moor£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ant¡lions¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡France¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sand£»¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡
something¡¡in¡¡the¡¡shape¡¡of¡¡a¡¡cone£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡hole¡¡like¡¡a¡¡crater¡¡in¡¡the¡¡middle¡£¡¡
What¡¡the¡¡beetle¡¡and¡¡the¡¡ant¡lion¡¡do¡¡on¡¡a¡¡very¡¡little¡¡scale£»¡¡the¡¡steam¡¡inside¡¡
the¡¡earth¡¡does¡¡on¡¡a¡¡great¡¡scale¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡once¡¡it¡¡has¡¡forced¡¡a¡¡vent¡¡into¡¡the¡¡
outside¡¡air£»¡¡it¡¡tears¡¡out¡¡the¡¡rocks¡¡underground£»¡¡grinds¡¡them¡¡small¡¡against¡¡
each¡¡other£»¡¡often¡¡into¡¡the¡¡finest¡¡dust£»¡¡and¡¡blasts¡¡them¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hole¡¡which¡¡
it¡¡has¡¡made¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡fall¡¡back¡¡into¡¡the¡¡hole£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡shot¡¡out¡¡again£º¡¡
but¡¡most¡¡of¡¡them¡¡fall¡¡round¡¡the¡¡hole£»¡¡most¡¡of¡¡them¡¡close¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡fewer¡¡of¡¡
them¡¡farther¡¡off£»¡¡till¡¡they¡¡are¡¡piled¡¡up¡¡in¡¡a¡¡ring¡¡round¡¡it£»¡¡just¡¡as¡¡the¡¡sand¡¡is¡¡
piled¡¡up¡¡round¡¡a¡¡beetle's¡¡burrow¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡days£»¡¡and¡¡weeks£»¡¡and¡¡months¡¡this¡¡
goes¡¡on£»¡¡even¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡for¡¡hundreds¡¡of¡¡years£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡till¡¡a¡¡great¡¡cone¡¡is¡¡formed¡¡
round¡¡the¡¡steam¡¡vent£»¡¡hundreds¡¡or¡¡thousands¡¡of¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡height£»¡¡of¡¡dust¡¡and¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡39¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡40¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡MADAM¡¡HOW¡¡AND¡¡LADY¡¡WHY¡¡
stones£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡cinders¡¡¡¡¡¡likewise¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡¡¡¡¡recollect£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡steam¡¡¡¡has¡¡
blown¡¡¡¡¡¡away¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cold¡¡¡¡¡¡earth¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡rock¡¡¡¡¡¡near¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡surface¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ground£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡
begins¡¡blowing¡¡out¡¡the¡¡hot¡¡rocks¡¡down¡¡below£»¡¡red¡hot£»¡¡white¡hot£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡
last¡¡actually¡¡melted¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡these£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are¡¡hurled¡¡into¡¡the¡¡cool¡¡air¡¡above£»¡¡
become¡¡¡¡¡¡ashes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡cinders£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡blocks¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡stone¡¡¡¡¡¡again£»¡¡¡¡¡¡making¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡hill¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡
which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡fall¡¡¡¡bigger¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡bigger¡¡¡¡¡¡continually¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡thus¡¡¡¡¡¡does¡¡¡¡¡¡wise¡¡
Madam¡¡¡¡¡¡How¡¡¡¡¡¡stand¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡bricklayers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡makes¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡chimneys¡¡
build¡¡themselves¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡why¡¡is¡¡the¡¡mouth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chimney¡¡called¡¡a¡¡crater£¿¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Crater£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡know£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡Greek¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡cup¡£¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡mouth¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡
chimneys£»¡¡when¡¡they¡¡have¡¡become¡¡choked¡¡and¡¡stopped¡¡working£»¡¡are¡¡often¡¡
just¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡shape¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡cup£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Germans¡¡¡¡¡¡call¡¡¡¡¡¡them£©¡¡¡¡¡¡kessels£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡
means¡¡kettles£»¡¡or¡¡caldrons¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡as¡¡beautifully¡¡and¡¡
exactly¡¡rounded¡¡as¡¡if¡¡a¡¡cunning¡¡engineer¡¡had¡¡planned¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡them¡¡
dug¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡spade¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡At¡¡¡¡¡¡first£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡course£»¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡sides¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡bottom¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡
nothing¡¡but¡¡loose¡¡stones£»¡¡cinders£»¡¡slag£»¡¡ashes£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡would¡¡be¡¡thrown¡¡out¡¡
of¡¡a¡¡furnace¡£¡¡But¡¡Madam¡¡How£»¡¡who£»¡¡whenever¡¡she¡¡makes¡¡an¡¡ugly¡¡desolate¡¡
place£»¡¡always¡¡tries¡¡to¡¡cover¡¡over¡¡its¡¡ugliness£»¡¡and¡¡set¡¡something¡¡green¡¡to¡¡
grow¡¡over¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡make¡¡it¡¡pretty¡¡once¡¡more£»¡¡does¡¡so¡¡often¡¡and¡¡often¡¡by¡¡her¡¡
worn¡out¡¡craters¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡them¡¡covered¡¡with¡¡short¡¡sweet¡¡turf£»¡¡like¡¡so¡¡
many¡¡chalk¡¡downs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡them£»¡¡too£»¡¡filled¡¡with¡¡bushes£»¡¡which¡¡held¡¡
woodcocks¡¡and¡¡wild¡¡boars¡£¡¡Once¡¡I¡¡came¡¡on¡¡a¡¡beautiful¡¡round¡¡crater¡¡on¡¡the¡¡
top¡¡of¡¡a¡¡mountain£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡filled¡¡at¡¡the¡¡bottom¡¡with¡¡a¡¡splendid¡¡crop¡¡of¡¡
potatoes¡£¡¡Though¡¡Madam¡¡How¡¡had¡¡not¡¡put¡¡them¡¡there¡¡herself£»¡¡she¡¡had¡¡at¡¡
least¡¡¡¡¡¡taught¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡honest¡¡¡¡¡¡Germans¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡put¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡often¡¡¡¡¡¡Madam¡¡
How¡¡¡¡¡¡turns¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡worn¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡craters¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡beautiful¡¡¡¡¡¡lakes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡
such¡¡crater¡lakes¡¡in¡¡Italy£»¡¡as¡¡you¡¡will¡¡