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biographical study of a. w. kinglake-及10准

弌傍 biographical study of a. w. kinglake 忖方 耽匈4000忖

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the soul and the  brain of the Sebastopol defence。  The first fell in the siege察the  second lived to write its history察to become a valued friend of  Kinglake察to explore and interpret in his company long afterwards  the scenes of struggle察his book and his personal guidance gave to  the historian what would otherwise have been unattainable察a clear  knowledge of the conflict as viewed from within the town。

The pitched battlefields of the campaign were three察Alma察 Balaclava察Inkerman。  The Alma chapter is the most graphic察for  there the fight was concentrated察offering to a spectator by Lord  Raglan's side a COUP D'OEIL of the entire action。  The French were  by bad generalship virtually wiped out察for Bosquet crossed the  river too far to the right察Canrobert was afraid to move without  artillery察Prince Napoleon and St。 Arnaud's reserves were jammed  together in the bottom of the valley。  We see察as though on the  spot察the advance察irregular and unsupported察of Codrington's  brigade察their dash into the Great Redoubt and subsequent  disorderly retreat察the enemy checked by the two guns from Lord  Raglan's knoll and by the steadiness of the Royal Fusiliers察the  repulse of the Scots Fusiliers and the peril which hung over the  event察then the superb advance of Guards and Highlanders up the  hill察thin red line against massive columns察which determined  finally the action。

The interest of the Balaclava fight centres in the two historic  cavalry charges。  Here again察from his position on the hill above察 Kinglake witnessed both察the first察clear in smokeless air察the  second lost in the volleying clouds which filled the valley of  death。  He saw the enormous mass of Russian cavalry察3500 sabres察 flooding like an avalanche down the hill with a momentum which  Scarlett's tiny squadron could not for a moment have resisted察 their unexplained halt察the three hundred seizing the opportunity  to strike察digging individually into the Russian ranks察the scarlet  streaks visibly cleaving the dense grey columns。  Inwedged and  surrounded察in their passionate blood frenzy察with ceaseless play  of whirling sword察with impetus of human and equestrian weight and  strength察the red atoms hewed their way to the Russian rear察 turned察worked back察emerged察reformed察while the 4th and 5th  Dragoons察the Royals察the 1st Inniskillings察dashed upon the amazed  column right察left察front察till the close´locked mass headed slowly  up the hill察ranks loosened察horsemen turned and galloped off察a  beaten straggling herd。  Eight minutes elapsed from the time when  Scarlett gave the word to charge察until the moment when the  Russians broke此we turn from the fifty describing pages察breathless  as though we had ridden in the melley察if the episode has no  historical parallel察the narrative is no less unique。  Our greatest  contemporary poet tried to celebrate it察his lines are tame and  unexciting beside Kinglake's passionate pulsing rhapsody。  Its  effect upon the Russian mind was lasting察out of all their vast  array hardly a single squadron was ever after able to keep its  ground against the approach of English cavalry察while but for  Cathcart's obstinacy and Lucan's temper it would have issued in the  immediate recapture of the Causeway Heights。

The Charge of the Light Brigade察on the other hand察while it  stirred the imagination of the poet察shocked the military  conscience of the historian。  He saw in it with agony察as Lord  Raglan saw察as the French spectators saw察no act of heroic  sacrifice察but a needless察fruitless massacre。  ;You have lost the  Light Brigade察─was his commander's salutation to Lord Lucan。  ;C'EST MAGNIFIQUE察MAIS CE N'EST PAS LA GUERRE察─was the oft´quoted  reproof of Bosquet。  The ;someone's blunder察─the sullen perversity  in misconception which destroyed the flower of our cavalry察has  faded from men's memories察the splendour of the deed remains。  It  is well to recover salvage from the irrevocable察to voice and to  prolong the deep human interest attaching to death encountered at  the call of duty察that is the poet's task察and brilliantly it has  been discharged。  Its other side察the paean of sorrow for a self´ destructive exploit察the dirge on lives wantonly thrown away察the  deep blame attaching to the untractableness which sent them to  their doom察was the task of the historian察and that too has been  faithfully and lastingly accomplished。

Inkerman was the most complicated of the battles察the chapters  which record it are correspondingly taxing to the reader。  More  than once or twice they must be scanned察with close study of their  lucid maps察before the intricate sequences are fairly and  distinctively grasped察the sixth book of Thucydides察a standing  terror to young Greek students察is light and easy reading compared  with the bulky sixth volume of Kinglake。  The hero of the day was  Pennefather察he maintained on Mount Inkerman a combat of pickets  reinforced from time to time察while around him through nine hours  successive attacks of thousands were met by hundreds。  The  disparity of numbers was appalling。  At daybreak 40000 Russian  troops advanced against 3000 English and were repulsed。  Three  hours later 19000 fresh troops came on察passed through a gap in  our lines察which Cathcart's disobedience察atoned for presently by  his death察had left unoccupied察and seized the heights behind us察 they too were dispossessed察but our numbers were dwindling and our  strength diminishing。  The Home Ridge察key of our position察was  next invaded by 6000 Russians察the 7th St。 Leger察linked with a  few Zouaves and with 200 men of our 77th Regiment察French and  English for once joyously intermingled察hurled them back。  It was  the crisis of the fight察Canrobert's interposition would have  determined it察but he sullenly refused to move。  Finally察led by  two or three daring young officers察300 of our wearied troops  charged the Russian battery which had tormented us all day察their  artillerymen察already flinching under the galling fire of two 18´ pounders察brought up by Lord Raglan's foresight early in the  morning察hastily withdrew their guns察and the battle was won。  It  was a day of Homeric rushes察Burnaby察with only twenty men to  support him察rescuing the Grenadier Guards' colours察the onset of  the 20th with their ;Minden Yell;察Colonel Daubeny with two dozen  followers cleaving the Russian trunk column at the barrier察Waddy's  dash at the retreating artillery train察foiled only by the presence  and the readiness of Todleben。  One marvels in reading how the  English held their own察their victory against so tremendous odds is  ascribed by the historian to three conditions察the hampering of the  enemy by his crowded masses察the slaughter amongst his officers  early in the fight察which deprived their men of leadership察above  all察the dense mist which obscured from him the fewness of his  opponents。  If Canrobert with his fresh troops had followed in  pursuit察the Russian's retreat must have been turned into a rout  and his artillery captured察if on the following day he had  assaulted the Flagstaff Bastion察Sebastopol察Todleben owned察must  have fallen。  He would do neither察his hesitancy and apparent  feebleness have already been explained察but to it察and to the  sinister influence which held his hand察were due the subsequent  miseries of the Crimean winter。

But the epic muse exacted from Kinglake察as from Virgil long  before察the portrayal not only of generals and of battles察but of  two great monarchs察each in his own day conspicuously and  absolutely prominent ´ the Czar Nicholas and the Emperor Napoleon


;dicam horrida belia察Dicam acies察actosque animis in funera REGES。;


His handling of them is characteristic。  Few men living then could  have approached either without a certain awe察their ;genius;  rebuked察  like Mark Antony's察in the presence of Caesars so  imposing and so mighty察Kinglake's attitude towards both is the  attitude of cold analysis。

In the opening of the fifties the Czar Nicholas was the most  powerful man then living in the world。  He ruled over sixty million  subjects whose loyalty bordered on worship此he had in arms a  million soldiers察brave and highly trained。  In the troubles of  1848 he had stood scornful and secure amid the overthrow of  surrounding thrones察and the entire impact of his vast and well´ organized Empire was subject to his single will察whatever he chose  to do he did。  Of stern and unrelenting nature察of active and  widely ranging capacity for business察of gigantic stature and  commanding presence察he inspired almost universal terror察and yet  his friendliness had when he pleased a glow and frankness  irresistible in its charm。  Readers of Queen Victoria's early life  will recall the alarm she felt at his sudden proposal to visit  Windsor in 1844察the fascination which his presence exercised on  her when he became her guest。  He professed to embody his standard  of conduct in the English word ;gentleman;察his ideal of human  grandeur was the character of the Duke of Wellington。  It was an  evil destiny that betrayed this high´minded man into crooked ways察 that made England sacrifice the stateliest among her ancient  friends to an ignoble and crime´stained a

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