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s¡¡impossible¡¡unless¡¡fraud¡¡is¡¡used£»¡¡the¡¡interest¡¡will¡¡fall¡¡back¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡shoulders¡¡of¡¡the¡¡unfortunate¡¡shoemaker£»¡¡and¡¡ruin¡¡him¡£

I¡¡have¡¡imagined¡¡a¡¡case¡¡of¡¡unnatural¡¡simplicity¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡human¡¡society¡¡but¡¡sustains¡¡more¡¡than¡¡three¡¡vocations¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡most¡¡uncivilized¡¡society¡¡supports¡¡numerous¡¡industries£»¡¡to¡­day£»¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡industrial¡¡functions¡¡£¨I¡¡mean¡¡by¡¡industrial¡¡functions¡¡all¡¡useful¡¡functions£©¡¡exceeds£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡a¡¡thousand¡£¡¡¡¡However¡¡numerous¡¡the¡¡occupations£»¡¡the¡¡economic¡¡law¡¡remains¡¡the¡¡same£»¡¡THAT¡¡THE¡¡PRODUCER¡¡MAY¡¡LIVE£»¡¡HIS¡¡WAGES¡¡MUST¡¡REPURCHASE¡¡HIS¡¡PRODUCT¡£

_¡¡¡¡¡¡_The¡¡economists¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡ignorant¡¡of¡¡this¡¡rudimentary¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡their¡¡pretended¡¡science£º¡¡why£»¡¡then£»¡¡do¡¡they¡¡so¡¡obstinately¡¡defend¡¡property£»¡¡and¡¡inequality¡¡of¡¡wages£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡legitimacy¡¡of¡¡usury£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡honesty¡¡of¡¡profit£»all¡¡of¡¡which¡¡contradict¡¡the¡¡economic¡¡law£»¡¡and¡¡make¡¡exchange¡¡impossible£¿¡¡¡¡A¡¡contractor¡¡pays¡¡one¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡francs¡¡for¡¡raw¡¡material£»¡¡fifty¡¡thousand¡¡francs¡¡in¡¡wages£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡expects¡¡to¡¡receive¡¡a¡¡product¡¡of¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡francs£»that¡¡is£»¡¡expects¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡profit¡¡on¡¡the¡¡material¡¡and¡¡on¡¡the¡¡labor¡¡of¡¡his¡¡employees£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡the¡¡laborers¡¡and¡¡the¡¡purveyor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡material¡¡cannot£»¡¡with¡¡their¡¡combined¡¡wages£»¡¡repurchase¡¡that¡¡which¡¡they¡¡have¡¡produced¡¡for¡¡the¡¡contractor£»¡¡how¡¡can¡¡they¡¡live£¿¡¡¡¡I¡¡will¡¡develop¡¡my¡¡question¡£¡¡¡¡Here¡¡details¡¡become¡¡necessary¡£

If¡¡the¡¡workingman¡¡receives¡¡for¡¡his¡¡labor¡¡an¡¡average¡¡of¡¡three¡¡francs¡¡per¡¡day£»¡¡his¡¡employer¡¡£¨in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡gain¡¡any¡¡thing¡¡beyond¡¡his¡¡own¡¡salary£»¡¡if¡¡only¡¡interest¡¡on¡¡his¡¡capital£©¡¡must¡¡sell¡¡the¡¡day's¡¡labor¡¡of¡¡his¡¡employee£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡merchandise£»¡¡for¡¡more¡¡than¡¡three¡¡francs¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡workingman¡¡cannot£»¡¡then£»¡¡repurchase¡¡that¡¡which¡¡he¡¡has¡¡produced¡¡for¡¡his¡¡master¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡thus¡¡with¡¡all¡¡trades¡¡whatsoever¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡tailor£»¡¡the¡¡hatter£»¡¡the¡¡cabinet¡­maker£»¡¡the¡¡blacksmith£»¡¡the¡¡tanner£»¡¡the¡¡mason£»¡¡the¡¡jeweller£»¡¡the¡¡printer£»¡¡the¡¡clerk£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡even¡¡to¡¡the¡¡farmer¡¡and¡¡wine¡­grower£»¡¡cannot¡¡repurchase¡¡their¡¡products£»¡¡since£»¡¡producing¡¡for¡¡a¡¡master¡¡who¡¡in¡¡one¡¡form¡¡or¡¡another¡¡makes¡¡a¡¡profit£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡more¡¡for¡¡their¡¡own¡¡labor¡¡than¡¡they¡¡get¡¡for¡¡it¡£

In¡¡France£»¡¡twenty¡¡millions¡¡of¡¡laborers£»¡¡engaged¡¡in¡¡all¡¡the¡¡branches¡¡of¡¡science£»¡¡art£»¡¡and¡¡industry£»¡¡produce¡¡every¡¡thing¡¡which¡¡is¡¡useful¡¡to¡¡man¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡annual¡¡wages¡¡amount£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡estimated¡£¡¡¡¡to¡¡twenty¡¡thousand¡¡millions£»¡¡but£»¡¡in¡¡consequence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡property£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡multifarious¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡increase£»¡¡premiums£»¡¡tithes£»¡¡interests£»¡¡fines£»¡¡profits£»¡¡farm¡­rents£»¡¡house¡­rents£»¡¡revenues£»¡¡emoluments¡¡of¡¡every¡¡nature¡¡and¡¡description£»¡¡their¡¡products¡¡are¡¡estimated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡proprietors¡¡and¡¡employers¡¡at¡¡twenty¡­five¡¡thousand¡¡millions¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡does¡¡that¡¡signify£¿¡¡¡¡That¡¡the¡¡laborers£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡repurchase¡¡these¡¡products¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡live£»¡¡must¡¡either¡¡pay¡¡five¡¡for¡¡that¡¡which¡¡they¡¡produced¡¡for¡¡four£»¡¡or¡¡fast¡¡one¡¡day¡¡in¡¡five¡£

If¡¡there¡¡is¡¡an¡¡economist¡¡in¡¡France¡¡able¡¡to¡¡show¡¡that¡¡this¡¡calculation¡¡is¡¡false£»¡¡I¡¡summon¡¡him¡¡to¡¡appear£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡promise¡¡to¡¡retract¡¡all¡¡that¡¡I¡¡have¡¡wrongfully¡¡and¡¡wickedly¡¡uttered¡¡in¡¡my¡¡attacks¡¡upon¡¡property¡£

Let¡¡us¡¡now¡¡look¡¡at¡¡the¡¡results¡¡of¡¡this¡¡profit¡£

If¡¡the¡¡wages¡¡of¡¡the¡¡workingmen¡¡were¡¡the¡¡same¡¡in¡¡all¡¡pursuits£»¡¡the¡¡deficit¡¡caused¡¡by¡¡the¡¡proprietor's¡¡tax¡¡would¡¡be¡¡felt¡¡equally¡¡everywhere£»¡¡but¡¡also¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡the¡¡evil¡¡would¡¡be¡¡so¡¡apparent£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡soon¡¡be¡¡discovered¡¡and¡¡suppressed¡£¡¡¡¡But£»¡¡as¡¡there¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡¡inequality¡¡of¡¡wages¡¡£¨from¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡scavenger¡¡up¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡minister¡¡of¡¡state£©¡¡as¡¡of¡¡property£»¡¡robbery¡¡continually¡¡rebounds¡¡from¡¡the¡¡stronger¡¡to¡¡the¡¡weaker£»¡¡so¡¡that£»¡¡since¡¡the¡¡laborer¡¡finds¡¡his¡¡hardships¡¡increase¡¡as¡¡he¡¡descends¡¡in¡¡the¡¡social¡¡scale£»¡¡the¡¡lowest¡¡class¡¡of¡¡people¡¡are¡¡literally¡¡stripped¡¡naked¡¡and¡¡eaten¡¡alive¡¡by¡¡the¡¡others¡£

The¡¡laboring¡¡people¡¡can¡¡buy¡¡neither¡¡the¡¡cloth¡¡which¡¡they¡¡weave£»¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡furniture¡¡which¡¡they¡¡manufacture£»¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡metal¡¡which¡¡they¡¡forge£»¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡jewels¡¡which¡¡they¡¡cut£»¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡prints¡¡which¡¡they¡¡engrave¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡can¡¡procure¡¡neither¡¡the¡¡wheat¡¡which¡¡they¡¡plant£»¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡wine¡¡which¡¡they¡¡grow£»¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡flesh¡¡of¡¡the¡¡animals¡¡which¡¡they¡¡raise¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡are¡¡allowed¡¡neither¡¡to¡¡dwell¡¡in¡¡the¡¡houses¡¡which¡¡they¡¡build£»¡¡nor¡¡to¡¡attend¡¡the¡¡plays¡¡which¡¡their¡¡labor¡¡supports£»¡¡nor¡¡to¡¡enjoy¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡which¡¡their¡¡body¡¡requires¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡why£¿¡¡¡¡Because¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡increase¡¡does¡¡not¡¡permit¡¡these¡¡things¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sold¡¡at¡¡the¡¡cost¡­price£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡all¡¡that¡¡laborers¡¡can¡¡afford¡¡to¡¡pay¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡the¡¡signs¡¡of¡¡those¡¡magnificent¡¡warehouses¡¡which¡¡he¡¡in¡¡his¡¡poverty¡¡admires£»¡¡the¡¡laborer¡¡reads¡¡in¡¡large¡¡letters£º¡¡¡¡¡¨This¡¡is¡¡thy¡¡work£»¡¡and¡¡thou¡¡shalt¡¡not¡¡have¡¡it¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡_Sic¡¡vos¡¡non¡¡vobis_£¡

Every¡¡manufacturer¡¡who¡¡employs¡¡one¡¡thousand¡¡laborers£»¡¡and¡¡gains¡¡from¡¡them¡¡daily¡¡one¡¡sou¡¡each£»¡¡is¡¡slowly¡¡pushing¡¡them¡¡into¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡misery¡£¡¡¡¡Every¡¡man¡¡who¡¡makes¡¡a¡¡profit¡¡has¡¡entered¡¡into¡¡a¡¡conspiracy¡¡with¡¡famine¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡nation¡¡has¡¡not¡¡even¡¡this¡¡labor£»¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡which¡¡property¡¡starves¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡why£¿¡¡¡¡Because¡¡the¡¡workers¡¡are¡¡forced¡¡by¡¡the¡¡insufficiency¡¡of¡¡their¡¡wages¡¡to¡¡monopolize¡¡labor£»¡¡and¡¡because£»¡¡before¡¡being¡¡destroyed¡¡by¡¡dearth£»¡¡they¡¡destroy¡¡each¡¡other¡¡by¡¡competition¡£¡¡¡¡Let¡¡us¡¡pursue¡¡this¡¡truth¡¡no¡¡further¡£

If¡¡the¡¡laborer's¡¡wages¡¡will¡¡not¡¡purchase¡¡his¡¡product£»¡¡it¡¡follows¡¡that¡¡the¡¡product¡¡is¡¡not¡¡made¡¡for¡¡the¡¡producer¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡whom£»¡¡then£»¡¡is¡¡it¡¡intended£¿¡¡¡¡For¡¡the¡¡richer¡¡consumer£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡for¡¡only¡¡a¡¡fraction¡¡of¡¡society¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡when¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡society¡¡labors£»¡¡it¡¡produces¡¡for¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡society¡£¡¡¡¡If£»¡¡then£»¡¡only¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡society¡¡consumes£»¡¡sooner¡¡or¡¡later¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡society¡¡will¡¡be¡¡idle¡£¡¡¡¡Now£»¡¡idleness¡¡is¡¡death£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡for¡¡the¡¡laborer¡¡as¡¡for¡¡the¡¡proprietor¡£

This¡¡conclusion¡¡is¡¡inevitable¡£

The¡¡most¡¡distressing¡¡spectacle¡¡imaginable¡¡is¡¡the¡¡sight¡¡of¡¡producers¡¡resisting¡¡and¡¡struggling¡¡against¡¡this¡¡mathematical¡¡necessity£»¡¡this¡¡power¡¡of¡¡figures¡¡to¡¡which¡¡their¡¡prejudices¡¡blind¡¡them¡£

If¡¡one¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡printers¡¡can¡¡furnish¡¡reading¡­matter¡¡enough¡¡for¡¡thirty¡­four¡¡millions¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡the¡¡price¡¡of¡¡books¡¡is¡¡so¡¡high¡¡that¡¡only¡¡one¡­third¡¡of¡¡that¡¡number¡¡can¡¡afford¡¡to¡¡buy¡¡them£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡clear¡¡that¡¡these¡¡one¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡printers¡¡will¡¡produce¡¡three¡¡times¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡the¡¡booksellers¡¡can¡¡sell¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡the¡¡products¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laborers¡¡may¡¡never¡¡exceed¡¡the¡¡demands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡consumers£»¡¡the¡¡laborers¡¡must¡¡either¡¡rest¡¡two¡¡days¡¡out¡¡of¡¡three£»¡¡or£»¡¡separating¡¡into¡¡three¡¡groups£»¡¡relieve¡¡each¡¡other¡¡three¡¡times¡¡a¡¡week£»¡¡month£»¡¡or¡¡quarter£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡during¡¡two¡­thirds¡¡of¡¡their¡¡life¡¡they¡¡must¡¡not¡¡live¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡industry£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡property£»¡¡does¡¡not¡¡proceed¡¡with¡¡such¡¡regularity¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡endeavors¡¡to¡¡produce¡¡a¡¡great¡¡deal¡¡in¡¡a¡¡short¡¡time£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡products£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡shorter¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡production£»¡¡the¡¡less¡¡each¡¡product¡¡costs¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡a¡¡demand¡¡begins¡¡to¡¡be¡¡felt£»¡¡the¡¡factories¡¡fill¡¡up£»¡¡and¡¡everybody¡¡goes¡¡to¡¡work¡£¡¡¡¡Then¡¡business¡¡is¡¡lively£»¡¡and¡¡both¡¡governors¡¡and¡¡governed¡¡rejoice¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡more¡¡they¡¡work¡¡to¡­day£»¡¡the¡¡more¡¡idle¡¡will¡¡they¡¡be¡¡hereafter£»¡¡the¡¡more¡¡they¡¡laugh£»¡¡the¡¡more¡¡they¡¡shall¡¡weep¡£¡¡¡¡Under¡¡the¡¡rule¡¡of¡¡property£»¡¡the¡¡flowers¡¡of¡¡industry¡¡are¡¡woven¡¡into¡¡none¡¡but¡¡funeral¡¡wreaths¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡laborer¡¡digs¡¡his¡¡own¡¡grave¡£

If¡¡the¡¡factory¡¡stops¡¡running£»¡¡the¡¡manufacturer¡¡has¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡interest¡¡on¡¡his¡¡capital¡¡the¡¡same¡¡as¡¡before¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡naturally¡¡tries£»¡¡then£»¡¡to¡¡continue¡¡production¡¡by¡¡lessening¡¡expenses¡£¡¡¡¡Then¡¡comes¡¡the¡¡lowering¡¡of¡¡wages£»¡¡the¡¡introduction¡¡of¡¡machinery£»¡¡the¡¡employment¡¡of¡¡women¡¡and¡¡children¡¡to¡¡do¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡bad¡¡workmen£»¡¡and¡¡wretched¡¡work¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡still¡¡produce£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡decreased¡¡cost¡¡creates¡¡a¡¡larger¡¡market£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡do¡¡not¡¡produce¡¡long£»¡¡because£»¡¡the¡¡cheapness¡¡being¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡quantity¡¡and¡¡rapidity¡¡of¡¡production£»¡¡the¡¡productive¡¡power¡¡tends¡¡more¡¡than¡¡ever¡¡to¡¡outstrip¡¡consumption¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡when¡¡laborers£»¡¡whose¡¡wages¡¡are¡¡scarcely¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡support¡¡them¡¡from¡¡one¡¡day¡¡to¡¡another£»¡¡are¡¡thrown¡¡out¡¡of¡¡work£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡consequences¡¡of¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡property¡¡become¡¡most¡¡frightful¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡have¡¡not¡¡been¡¡able¡¡to¡¡economize£»¡¡they¡¡have¡¡made¡¡no¡¡savings£»¡¡they¡¡have¡¡accumulated¡¡no¡¡capital¡¡whatever¡¡to¡¡support¡¡them¡¡even¡¡one¡¡day¡¡more¡£¡¡¡¡Today¡¡the¡¡factory¡¡is¡¡closed¡£¡¡¡¡To¡­morrow¡¡the¡¡people¡¡starve¡¡in¡¡the¡¡streets¡£¡¡¡¡Day¡¡after¡¡tomorrow¡¡they¡¡will¡¡either¡¡die¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hospital£»¡¡or¡¡eat¡¡in¡¡the¡¡jail¡£

And¡¡still¡¡new¡¡misfortunes¡¡come¡¡to¡¡complicate¡¡this¡¡terrible¡¡situation¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡consequence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cessation¡¡of¡¡business£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡extreme¡¡cheapness¡¡of¡¡merchandise£»¡¡the¡¡manufacturer¡¡finds¡¡it¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡the¡¡interest¡¡on¡¡his¡¡borrowed¡¡capital£»¡¡whereupon¡¡his¡¡frightened¡¡creditors¡¡hasten¡¡to¡¡withdraw¡¡their¡¡funds¡£¡¡¡¡Production¡¡is¡¡suspended£»¡¡and¡¡labor¡¡comes¡¡to¡¡a¡¡standstill¡£¡¡¡¡Then¡¡people¡¡are¡¡astonished¡¡to¡¡see¡¡capital¡¡desert¡¡commerce£»¡¡and¡¡throw¡¡itself¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Stock¡¡Exchange£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡once¡¡heard¡¡M¡£¡¡Blanqui¡¡bitterly¡¡lamenting¡¡the¡¡blind¡¡ignorance¡¡of¡¡capitalists¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡this¡¡movement¡¡of¡¡capital¡¡is¡¡very¡¡simple£»¡¡but¡¡for¡¡that¡¡very¡¡reason¡¡an¡¡economist¡¡could¡¡not¡¡understand¡¡it£»¡¡or¡¡rather¡¡must¡¡not¡¡explain¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡cause¡¡lies¡¡solely¡¡in¡¡COMPETITION¡£

I¡¡mean¡¡by¡¡competition£»¡¡not¡¡only¡¡the¡¡rivalry¡¡between¡¡two¡¡parties¡¡engaged¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡business£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡general¡¡and¡¡simultaneous¡¡effort¡¡of¡¡all¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡business¡¡to¡¡get¡¡ahead¡¡of¡¡each¡¡other¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡effort¡¡is¡¡to¡­day¡¡so¡¡strong£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡price¡¡of¡¡merchandise¡¡scarcely¡¡covers¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡production¡¡and¡¡distribution£»¡¡so¡¡that£»¡¡the¡¡wages¡¡of¡¡all¡¡laborers¡¡being¡¡lessened£»¡¡nothing¡¡remains£»¡¡not¡¡even¡¡interest¡¡for¡¡the¡¡capitalists¡£

The¡¡primary¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡commercial¡¡and¡¡industrial¡¡stagnations¡¡is£»¡¡then£»¡¡interest¡¡on¡¡capital£»that

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