what is property-µÚ31½Ú
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
Whoever¡¡labors¡¡becomes¡¡a¡¡proprietorthis¡¡is¡¡an¡¡inevitable¡¡deduction¡¡from¡¡the¡¡acknowledged¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡political¡¡economy¡¡and¡¡jurisprudence¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡when¡¡I¡¡say¡¡proprietor£»¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡mean¡¡simply¡¡£¨as¡¡do¡¡our¡¡hypocritical¡¡economists£©¡¡proprietor¡¡of¡¡his¡¡allowance£»¡¡his¡¡salary£»¡¡his¡¡wages£»I¡¡mean¡¡proprietor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡value¡¡which¡¡he¡¡creates£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the¡¡master¡¡alone¡¡profits¡£
As¡¡all¡¡this¡¡relates¡¡to¡¡the¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡wages¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡distribution¡¡of¡¡products£»and¡¡as¡¡this¡¡matter¡¡never¡¡has¡¡been¡¡even¡¡partially¡¡cleared¡¡up£»I¡¡ask¡¡permission¡¡to¡¡insist¡¡on¡¡it£º¡¡this¡¡discussion¡¡will¡¡not¡¡be¡¡useless¡¡to¡¡the¡¡work¡¡in¡¡hand¡£¡¡¡¡Many¡¡persons¡¡talk¡¡of¡¡admitting¡¡working¡people¡¡to¡¡a¡¡share¡¡in¡¡the¡¡products¡¡and¡¡profits£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡their¡¡minds¡¡this¡¡participation¡¡is¡¡pure¡¡benevolence£º¡¡they¡¡have¡¡never¡¡shownperhaps¡¡never¡¡suspectedthat¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡natural£»¡¡necessary¡¡right£»¡¡inherent¡¡in¡¡labor£»¡¡and¡¡inseparable¡¡from¡¡the¡¡function¡¡of¡¡producer£»¡¡even¡¡in¡¡the¡¡lowest¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡his¡¡work¡£
This¡¡is¡¡my¡¡proposition£º¡¡¡¡THE¡¡LABORER¡¡RETAINS£»¡¡EVEN¡¡¡¡AFTER¡¡HE¡¡HAS¡¡RECEIVED¡¡HIS¡¡WAGES£»¡¡A¡¡NATURAL¡¡RIGHT¡¡OF¡¡PROPERTY¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡THING¡¡WHICH¡¡HE¡¡HAS¡¡PRODUCED¡£
I¡¡again¡¡quote¡¡M¡£¡¡Ch¡£¡¡Comte£º
¡¨Some¡¡laborers¡¡are¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡draining¡¡marshes£»¡¡in¡¡cutting¡¡down¡¡trees¡¡and¡¡brushwood£»in¡¡a¡¡word£»¡¡in¡¡cleaning¡¡up¡¡the¡¡soil¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡increase¡¡the¡¡value£»¡¡they¡¡make¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡property¡¡larger£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡paid¡¡for¡¡the¡¡value¡¡which¡¡they¡¡add¡¡in¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡food¡¡and¡¡daily¡¡wages£º¡¡it¡¡then¡¡becomes¡¡the¡¡property¡¡of¡¡the¡¡capitalist¡£¡¨
The¡¡price¡¡is¡¡not¡¡sufficient£º¡¡the¡¡labor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡workers¡¡has¡¡created¡¡a¡¡value£»¡¡now¡¡this¡¡value¡¡is¡¡their¡¡property¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡they¡¡have¡¡neither¡¡sold¡¡nor¡¡exchanged¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡you£»¡¡capitalist£»¡¡you¡¡have¡¡not¡¡earned¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡you¡¡should¡¡have¡¡a¡¡partial¡¡right¡¡to¡¡the¡¡whole£»¡¡in¡¡return¡¡for¡¡the¡¡materials¡¡that¡¡you¡¡have¡¡furnished¡¡and¡¡the¡¡provisions¡¡that¡¡you¡¡have¡¡supplied£»¡¡is¡¡perfectly¡¡just¡£¡¡¡¡You¡¡contributed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡production£»¡¡you¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡share¡¡in¡¡the¡¡enjoyment¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡your¡¡right¡¡does¡¡not¡¡annihilate¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laborers£»¡¡who£»¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡you£»¡¡have¡¡been¡¡your¡¡colleagues¡¡in¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡production¡£¡¡¡¡Why¡¡do¡¡you¡¡talk¡¡of¡¡wages£¿¡¡¡¡The¡¡money¡¡with¡¡which¡¡you¡¡pay¡¡the¡¡wages¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laborers¡¡remunerates¡¡them¡¡for¡¡only¡¡a¡¡few¡¡years¡¡of¡¡the¡¡perpetual¡¡possession¡¡which¡¡they¡¡have¡¡abandoned¡¡to¡¡you¡£¡¡¡¡Wages¡¡is¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡the¡¡daily¡¡maintenance¡¡and¡¡refreshment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laborer¡£¡¡¡¡You¡¡are¡¡wrong¡¡in¡¡calling¡¡it¡¡the¡¡price¡¡of¡¡a¡¡sale¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡workingman¡¡has¡¡sold¡¡nothing£»¡¡he¡¡knows¡¡neither¡¡his¡¡right£»¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡extent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡concession¡¡which¡¡he¡¡has¡¡made¡¡to¡¡you£»¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡meaning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡contract¡¡which¡¡you¡¡pretend¡¡to¡¡have¡¡made¡¡with¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡his¡¡side£»¡¡utter¡¡ignorance£»¡¡on¡¡yours£»¡¡error¡¡and¡¡surprise£»¡¡not¡¡to¡¡say¡¡deceit¡¡and¡¡fraud¡£
Let¡¡us¡¡make¡¡this¡¡clearer¡¡by¡¡another¡¡and¡¡more¡¡striking¡¡example¡£
No¡¡one¡¡is¡¡ignorant¡¡of¡¡the¡¡difficulties¡¡that¡¡are¡¡met¡¡with¡¡in¡¡the¡¡conversion¡¡of¡¡untilled¡¡land¡¡into¡¡arable¡¡and¡¡productive¡¡land¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡difficulties¡¡are¡¡so¡¡great£»¡¡that¡¡usually¡¡an¡¡isolated¡¡man¡¡would¡¡perish¡¡before¡¡he¡¡could¡¡put¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡in¡¡a¡¡condition¡¡to¡¡yield¡¡him¡¡even¡¡the¡¡most¡¡meagre¡¡living¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡that¡¡end¡¡are¡¡needed¡¡the¡¡united¡¡and¡¡combined¡¡efforts¡¡of¡¡society£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡the¡¡resources¡¡of¡¡industry¡£¡¡¡¡M¡£¡¡Ch¡£¡¡Comte¡¡quotes¡¡on¡¡this¡¡subject¡¡numerous¡¡and¡¡well¡¡¡authenticated¡¡facts£»¡¡little¡¡thinking¡¡that¡¡he¡¡is¡¡amassing¡¡testimony¡¡against¡¡his¡¡own¡¡system¡£
Let¡¡us¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡a¡¡colony¡¡of¡¡twenty¡¡or¡¡thirty¡¡families¡¡establishes¡¡itself¡¡in¡¡a¡¡wild¡¡district£»¡¡covered¡¡with¡¡underbrush¡¡and¡¡forests£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡which£»¡¡by¡¡agreement£»¡¡the¡¡natives¡¡consent¡¡to¡¡withdraw¡£¡¡¡¡Each¡¡one¡¡of¡¡these¡¡families¡¡possesses¡¡a¡¡moderate¡¡but¡¡sufficient¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡capital£»¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡nature¡¡as¡¡a¡¡colonist¡¡would¡¡be¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡choose£»animals£»¡¡seeds£»¡¡tools£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡little¡¡money¡¡and¡¡food¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡land¡¡having¡¡been¡¡divided£»¡¡each¡¡one¡¡settles¡¡himself¡¡as¡¡comfortably¡¡as¡¡possible£»¡¡and¡¡begins¡¡to¡¡clear¡¡away¡¡the¡¡portion¡¡allotted¡¡to¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡after¡¡a¡¡few¡¡weeks¡¡of¡¡fatigue£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡they¡¡never¡¡before¡¡have¡¡known£»¡¡of¡¡inconceivable¡¡suffering£»¡¡of¡¡ruinous¡¡and¡¡almost¡¡useless¡¡labor£»¡¡our¡¡colonists¡¡begin¡¡to¡¡complain¡¡of¡¡their¡¡trade£»¡¡their¡¡condition¡¡seems¡¡hard¡¡to¡¡them£»¡¡they¡¡curse¡¡their¡¡sad¡¡existence¡£
Suddenly£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡shrewdest¡¡among¡¡them¡¡kills¡¡a¡¡pig£»¡¡cures¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡meat£»¡¡and£»¡¡resolved¡¡to¡¡sacrifice¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡his¡¡provisions£»¡¡goes¡¡to¡¡find¡¡his¡¡companions¡¡in¡¡misery¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨Friends£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡begins¡¡in¡¡a¡¡very¡¡benevolent¡¡tone£»¡¡¡¨how¡¡much¡¡trouble¡¡it¡¡costs¡¡you¡¡to¡¡do¡¡a¡¡little¡¡work¡¡and¡¡live¡¡uncomfortably£¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡fortnight¡¡of¡¡labor¡¡has¡¡reduced¡¡you¡¡to¡¡your¡¡last¡¡extremity£¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡Let¡¡us¡¡make¡¡an¡¡arrangement¡¡by¡¡which¡¡you¡¡shall¡¡all¡¡profit¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡offer¡¡you¡¡provisions¡¡and¡¡wine£º¡¡you¡¡shall¡¡get¡¡so¡¡much¡¡every¡¡day£»¡¡we¡¡will¡¡work¡¡together£»¡¡and£»¡¡zounds£¡¡¡my¡¡friends£»¡¡we¡¡will¡¡be¡¡happy¡¡and¡¡contented£¡¡¨
Would¡¡it¡¡be¡¡possible¡¡for¡¡empty¡¡stomachs¡¡to¡¡resist¡¡such¡¡an¡¡invitation£¿¡¡¡¡The¡¡hungriest¡¡of¡¡them¡¡follow¡¡the¡¡treacherous¡¡tempter¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡go¡¡to¡¡work£»¡¡the¡¡charm¡¡of¡¡society£»¡¡emulation£»¡¡joy£»¡¡and¡¡mutual¡¡assistance¡¡double¡¡their¡¡strength£»¡¡the¡¡work¡¡can¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡to¡¡advance¡£¡¡¡¡Singing¡¡and¡¡laughing£»¡¡they¡¡subdue¡¡Nature¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡a¡¡short¡¡time£»¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡is¡¡thoroughly¡¡changed£»¡¡the¡¡mellowed¡¡earth¡¡waits¡¡only¡¡for¡¡the¡¡seed¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡done£»¡¡the¡¡proprietor¡¡pays¡¡his¡¡laborers£»¡¡who£»¡¡on¡¡going¡¡away£»¡¡return¡¡him¡¡their¡¡thanks£»¡¡and¡¡grieve¡¡that¡¡the¡¡happy¡¡days¡¡which¡¡they¡¡have¡¡spent¡¡with¡¡him¡¡are¡¡over¡£
Others¡¡follow¡¡this¡¡example£»¡¡always¡¡with¡¡the¡¡same¡¡success¡£¡¡¡¡Then£»¡¡these¡¡installed£»¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡disperse£»each¡¡one¡¡returns¡¡to¡¡his¡¡grubbing¡£¡¡¡¡But£»¡¡while¡¡grubbing£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡live¡£¡¡¡¡While¡¡they¡¡have¡¡been¡¡clearing¡¡away¡¡for¡¡their¡¡neighbor£»¡¡they¡¡have¡¡done¡¡no¡¡clearing¡¡for¡¡themselves¡£¡¡¡¡One¡¡year's¡¡seed¡time¡¡and¡¡harvest¡¡is¡¡already¡¡gone¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡had¡¡calculated¡¡that¡¡in¡¡lending¡¡their¡¡labor¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not¡¡but¡¡gain£»¡¡since¡¡they¡¡would¡¡save¡¡their¡¡own¡¡provisions£»¡¡and£»¡¡while¡¡living¡¡better£»¡¡would¡¡get¡¡still¡¡more¡¡money¡£¡¡¡¡False¡¡calculation£¡¡¡they¡¡have¡¡created¡¡for¡¡another¡¡the¡¡means¡¡wherewith¡¡to¡¡produce£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡created¡¡nothing¡¡for¡¡themselves¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡difficulties¡¡of¡¡clearing¡¡remain¡¡the¡¡same£»¡¡their¡¡clothing¡¡wears¡¡out£»¡¡their¡¡provisions¡¡give¡¡out£»¡¡soon¡¡their¡¡purse¡¡becomes¡¡empty¡¡for¡¡the¡¡profit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡for¡¡whom¡¡they¡¡have¡¡worked£»¡¡and¡¡who¡¡alone¡¡can¡¡furnish¡¡the¡¡provisions¡¡which¡¡they¡¡need£»¡¡since¡¡he¡¡alone¡¡is¡¡in¡¡a¡¡position¡¡to¡¡produce¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡Then£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡poor¡¡grubber¡¡has¡¡exhausted¡¡his¡¡resources£»¡¡the¡¡man¡¡with¡¡the¡¡provisions¡¡£¨like¡¡the¡¡wolf¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fable£»¡¡who¡¡scents¡¡his¡¡victim¡¡from¡¡afar£©¡¡again¡¡comes¡¡forward¡£¡¡¡¡One¡¡he¡¡offers¡¡to¡¡employ¡¡again¡¡by¡¡the¡¡day£»¡¡from¡¡another¡¡he¡¡offers¡¡to¡¡buy¡¡at¡¡a¡¡favorable¡¡price¡¡a¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡his¡¡bad¡¡land£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡not£»¡¡and¡¡never¡¡can¡¡be£»¡¡of¡¡any¡¡use¡¡to¡¡him£º¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡he¡¡uses¡¡the¡¡labor¡¡of¡¡one¡¡man¡¡to¡¡cultivate¡¡the¡¡field¡¡of¡¡another¡¡for¡¡his¡¡own¡¡benefit¡£¡¡¡¡So¡¡that¡¡at¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡twenty¡¡years£»¡¡of¡¡thirty¡¡individuals¡¡originally¡¡equal¡¡in¡¡point¡¡of¡¡wealth£»¡¡five¡¡or¡¡six¡¡have¡¡become¡¡proprietors¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡district£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡have¡¡been¡¡philanthropically¡¡dispossessed£¡
In¡¡this¡¡century¡¡of¡¡bourgeoisie¡¡morality£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡I¡¡have¡¡had¡¡the¡¡honor¡¡to¡¡be¡¡born£»¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡sense¡¡is¡¡so¡¡debased¡¡that¡¡I¡¡should¡¡not¡¡be¡¡at¡¡all¡¡surprised¡¡if¡¡I¡¡were¡¡asked£»¡¡by¡¡many¡¡a¡¡worthy¡¡proprietor£»¡¡what¡¡I¡¡see¡¡in¡¡this¡¡that¡¡is¡¡unjust¡¡and¡¡illegitimate£¿¡¡¡¡Debased¡¡creature£¡¡¡galvanized¡¡corpse£¡¡¡how¡¡can¡¡I¡¡expect¡¡to¡¡convince¡¡you£»¡¡if¡¡you¡¡cannot¡¡tell¡¡robbery¡¡when¡¡I¡¡show¡¡it¡¡to¡¡you£¿¡¡¡¡A¡¡man£»¡¡by¡¡soft¡¡and¡¡insinuating¡¡words£»¡¡discovers¡¡the¡¡secret¡¡of¡¡taxing¡¡others¡¡that¡¡he¡¡may¡¡establish¡¡himself£»¡¡then£»¡¡once¡¡enriched¡¡by¡¡their¡¡united¡¡efforts£»¡¡he¡¡refuses£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡very¡¡conditions¡¡which¡¡he¡¡himself¡¡dictated£»¡¡to¡¡advance¡¡the¡¡well¡being¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡made¡¡his¡¡fortune¡¡for¡¡him£º¡¡and¡¡you¡¡ask¡¡how¡¡such¡¡conduct¡¡is¡¡fraudulent£¡¡¡¡¡Under¡¡the¡¡pretext¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡paid¡¡his¡¡laborers£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡owes¡¡them¡¡nothing¡¡more£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡nothing¡¡to¡¡gain¡¡by¡¡putting¡¡himself¡¡at¡¡the¡¡service¡¡of¡¡others£»¡¡while¡¡his¡¡own¡¡occupations¡¡claim¡¡his¡¡attention£»he¡¡refuses£»¡¡I¡¡say£»¡¡to¡¡aid¡¡others¡¡in¡¡getting¡¡a¡¡foothold£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡was¡¡aided¡¡in¡¡getting¡¡his¡¡own£»¡¡and¡¡when£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡impotence¡¡of¡¡their¡¡isolation£»¡¡these¡¡poor¡¡laborers¡¡are¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡sell¡¡their¡¡birthright£»¡¡hethis¡¡ungrateful¡¡proprietor£»¡¡this¡¡knavish¡¡upstartstands¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡put¡¡the¡¡finishing¡¡touch¡¡to¡¡their¡¡deprivation¡¡and¡¡their¡¡ruin¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡you¡¡think¡¡that¡¡just£¿¡¡¡¡Take¡¡care£¡
I¡¡read¡¡in¡¡your¡¡startled¡¡countenance¡¡the¡¡reproach¡¡of¡¡a¡¡guilty¡¡conscience£»¡¡much¡¡more¡¡clearly¡¡than¡¡the¡¡innocent¡¡astonishment¡¡of¡¡involuntary¡¡ignorance¡£
¡¨The¡¡capitalist£»¡¨¡¡they¡¡say£»¡¡¡¨has¡¡paid¡¡the¡¡laborers¡¡their¡¡DAILY¡¡WAGES¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡To¡¡be¡¡accurate£»¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡said¡¡that¡¡the¡¡capitalist¡¡has¡¡paid¡¡as¡¡many¡¡times¡¡one¡¡day's¡¡wage¡¡as¡¡he¡¡has¡¡employed¡¡laborers¡¡each¡¡day£»which¡¡is¡¡not¡¡at¡¡all¡¡the¡¡same¡¡thing¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡he¡¡has¡¡paid¡¡nothing¡¡for¡¡that¡¡immense¡¡power¡¡which¡¡results¡¡from¡¡the¡¡union¡¡and¡¡harmony¡¡of¡¡laborers£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡convergence¡¡and¡¡simultaneousness¡¡of¡¡their¡¡efforts¡£¡¡¡¡Two¡¡hundred¡¡grenadiers¡¡stood¡¡the¡¡obelisk¡¡of¡¡Luxor¡¡upon¡¡its¡¡base¡¡in¡¡a¡¡few¡¡hours£»¡¡do¡¡you¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡one¡¡man¡¡could¡¡have¡¡accomplished¡¡the¡¡same¡¡task¡¡in¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡days£¿¡¡¡¡Nevertheless£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡books¡¡of¡¡the¡¡capitalist£»¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡wages¡¡paid¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡same¡£¡¡¡¡Well£»¡¡a¡¡desert¡¡to¡¡prepare¡¡for¡¡cultivation£»¡¡a¡¡house¡¡to¡¡build£»¡¡a¡¡factory¡¡to¡¡run£»all¡¡these¡¡are¡¡obelisks¡¡to¡¡erect£»¡¡mountains¡¡to¡¡move¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡smallest¡¡fortune£»¡¡the¡¡most¡¡insignificant¡¡establishment£»¡¡the¡¡setting¡¡in¡¡motion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lowest¡¡industry£»¡¡demand¡¡the¡¡concurrence¡¡of¡¡so¡¡many¡¡different¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡labor¡¡and¡¡skill£»¡¡that¡¡one¡¡man¡¡could¡¡not¡¡possibly¡¡execute¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡astonishing¡¡that¡¡the¡¡economists¡¡never¡¡have¡¡called¡¡attention¡¡to¡¡this¡¡fact¡£¡¡¡¡Strike¡¡a¡¡balance£»¡¡then£»¡¡between¡¡the¡¡capitalist's¡¡receipts¡¡and¡¡his¡¡payments¡£
The¡¡