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Of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡defenders¡¡of¡¡property£»¡¡M¡£¡¡Cousin¡¡has¡¡gone¡¡the¡¡farthest¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡has¡¡maintained¡¡against¡¡the¡¡economists¡¡that¡¡labor¡¡does¡¡not¡¡establish¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡property¡¡unless¡¡preceded¡¡by¡¡occupation£»¡¡and¡¡against¡¡the¡¡jurists¡¡that¡¡the¡¡civil¡¡law¡¡can¡¡determine¡¡and¡¡apply¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡right£»¡¡but¡¡cannot¡¡create¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡fact£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡¡¨The¡¡right¡¡of¡¡property¡¡is¡¡demonstrated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡property£»¡¡the¡¡function¡¡of¡¡the¡¡civil¡¡law¡¡is¡¡purely¡¡declaratory¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡To¡¡say¡¡that£»¡¡is¡¡to¡¡confess¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡reply¡¡to¡¡those¡¡who¡¡question¡¡the¡¡legitimacy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡Every¡¡right¡¡must¡¡be¡¡justifiable¡¡in¡¡itself£»¡¡or¡¡by¡¡some¡¡antecedent¡¡right£»¡¡property¡¡is¡¡no¡¡exception¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡this¡¡reason£»¡¡M¡£¡¡Cousin¡¡has¡¡sought¡¡to¡¡base¡¡it¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡SANCTITY¡¡of¡¡the¡¡human¡¡personality£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡act¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the¡¡will¡¡assimilates¡¡a¡¡thing¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨Once¡¡touched¡¡by¡¡man£»¡¨¡¡says¡¡one¡¡of¡¡M¡£¡¡Cousin's¡¡disciples£»¡¡¡¨things¡¡receive¡¡from¡¡him¡¡a¡¡character¡¡which¡¡transforms¡¡and¡¡humanizes¡¡them¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡I¡¡confess£»¡¡for¡¡my¡¡part£»¡¡that¡¡I¡¡have¡¡no¡¡faith¡¡in¡¡this¡¡magic£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡I¡¡know¡¡of¡¡nothing¡¡less¡¡holy¡¡than¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡man¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡this¡¡theory£»¡¡fragile¡¡as¡¡it¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡psychology¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡jurisprudence£»¡¡is¡¡nevertheless¡¡more¡¡philosophical¡¡and¡¡profound¡¡than¡¡those¡¡theories¡¡which¡¡are¡¡based¡¡upon¡¡labor¡¡or¡¡the¡¡authority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡law¡£¡¡¡¡Now£»¡¡we¡¡have¡¡just¡¡seen¡¡to¡¡what¡¡this¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡which¡¡we¡¡are¡¡speaking¡¡leads£»to¡¡the¡¡equality¡¡implied¡¡in¡¡the¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡its¡¡statement¡£
But¡¡perhaps¡¡philosophy¡¡views¡¡things¡¡from¡¡too¡¡lofty¡¡a¡¡standpoint£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡not¡¡sufficiently¡¡practical£»¡¡perhaps¡¡from¡¡the¡¡exalted¡¡summit¡¡of¡¡speculation¡¡men¡¡seem¡¡so¡¡small¡¡to¡¡the¡¡metaphysician¡¡that¡¡he¡¡cannot¡¡distinguish¡¡between¡¡them£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡the¡¡equality¡¡of¡¡conditions¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡principles¡¡which¡¡are¡¡very¡¡true¡¡and¡¡sublime¡¡as¡¡generalities£»¡¡but¡¡which¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡ridiculous¡¡and¡¡even¡¡dangerous¡¡to¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡rigorously¡¡apply¡¡to¡¡the¡¡customs¡¡of¡¡life¡¡and¡¡to¡¡social¡¡transactions¡£¡¡¡¡Undoubtedly£»¡¡this¡¡is¡¡a¡¡case¡¡which¡¡calls¡¡for¡¡imitation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wise¡¡reserve¡¡of¡¡moralists¡¡and¡¡jurists£»¡¡who¡¡warn¡¡us¡¡against¡¡carrying¡¡things¡¡to¡¡extremes£»¡¡and¡¡who¡¡advise¡¡us¡¡to¡¡suspect¡¡every¡¡definition£»¡¡because¡¡there¡¡is¡¡not¡¡one£»¡¡they¡¡say£»¡¡which¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡utterly¡¡destroyed¡¡by¡¡developing¡¡its¡¡disastrous¡¡results_Omnis¡¡definitio¡¡in¡¡jure¡¡civili¡¡periculosa¡¡est£º¡¡parum¡¡est¡¡enim¡¡ut¡¡non¡¡subverti¡¡possit_¡£¡¡¡¡Equality¡¡of¡¡conditions£»a¡¡terrible¡¡dogma¡¡in¡¡the¡¡ears¡¡of¡¡the¡¡proprietor£»¡¡a¡¡consoling¡¡truth¡¡at¡¡the¡¡poor¡man's¡¡sick¡bed£»¡¡a¡¡frightful¡¡reality¡¡under¡¡the¡¡knife¡¡of¡¡the¡¡anatomist£»equality¡¡of¡¡conditions£»¡¡established¡¡in¡¡the¡¡political£»¡¡civil£»¡¡and¡¡industrial¡¡spheres£»¡¡is¡¡only¡¡an¡¡alluring¡¡impossibility£»¡¡an¡¡inviting¡¡bait£»¡¡a¡¡satanic¡¡delusion¡£
It¡¡is¡¡never¡¡my¡¡intention¡¡to¡¡surprise¡¡my¡¡reader¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡detest£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡do¡¡death£»¡¡the¡¡man¡¡who¡¡employs¡¡subterfuge¡¡in¡¡his¡¡words¡¡and¡¡conduct¡£¡¡¡¡From¡¡the¡¡first¡¡page¡¡of¡¡this¡¡book£»¡¡I¡¡have¡¡expressed¡¡myself¡¡so¡¡plainly¡¡and¡¡decidedly¡¡that¡¡all¡¡can¡¡see¡¡the¡¡tendency¡¡of¡¡my¡¡thought¡¡and¡¡hopes£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡will¡¡do¡¡me¡¡the¡¡justice¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡exhibit¡¡more¡¡frankness¡¡and¡¡more¡¡boldness¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡hesitate¡¡to¡¡declare¡¡that¡¡the¡¡time¡¡is¡¡not¡¡far¡¡distant¡¡when¡¡this¡¡reserve£»¡¡now¡¡so¡¡much¡¡admired¡¡in¡¡philosophersthis¡¡happy¡¡medium¡¡so¡¡strongly¡¡recommended¡¡by¡¡professors¡¡of¡¡moral¡¡and¡¡political¡¡sciencewill¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡the¡¡disgraceful¡¡feature¡¡of¡¡a¡¡science¡¡without¡¡principle£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡the¡¡seal¡¡of¡¡its¡¡reprobation¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡legislation¡¡and¡¡morals£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡in¡¡geometry£»¡¡axioms¡¡are¡¡absolute£»¡¡definitions¡¡are¡¡certain£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡the¡¡results¡¡of¡¡a¡¡principle¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡accepted£»¡¡provided¡¡they¡¡are¡¡logically¡¡deduced¡£¡¡¡¡Deplorable¡¡pride£¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡know¡¡nothing¡¡of¡¡our¡¡nature£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡charge¡¡our¡¡blunders¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡and£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡fit¡¡of¡¡unaffected¡¡ignorance£»¡¡cry¡¡out£»¡¡¡¨The¡¡truth¡¡is¡¡in¡¡doubt£»¡¡the¡¡best¡¡definition¡¡defines¡¡nothing£¡¡¨¡¡¡¡We¡¡shall¡¡know¡¡some¡¡time¡¡whether¡¡this¡¡distressing¡¡uncertainty¡¡of¡¡jurisprudence¡¡arises¡¡from¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡its¡¡investigations£»¡¡or¡¡from¡¡our¡¡prejudices£»¡¡whether£»¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡social¡¡phenomena£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡change¡¡our¡¡hypothesis£»¡¡as¡¡did¡¡Copernicus¡¡when¡¡he¡¡reversed¡¡the¡¡system¡¡of¡¡Ptolemy¡£
But¡¡what¡¡will¡¡be¡¡said¡¡when¡¡I¡¡show£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡soon¡¡shall£»¡¡that¡¡this¡¡same¡¡jurisprudence¡¡continually¡¡tries¡¡to¡¡base¡¡property¡¡upon¡¡equality£¿¡¡¡¡What¡¡reply¡¡can¡¡be¡¡made£¿
£¥¡¡3¡£Civil¡¡Law¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Foundation¡¡and¡¡Sanction¡¡of¡¡Property¡£
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After¡¡this¡¡magnificent¡¡introduction£»¡¡who¡¡would¡¡refuse¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡the¡¡human¡¡race¡¡to¡¡be¡¡an¡¡immense¡¡family¡¡living¡¡in¡¡brotherly¡¡union£»¡¡and¡¡under¡¡the¡¡protection¡¡of¡¡a¡¡venerable¡¡father£¿¡¡¡¡But£»¡¡heavens£¡¡¡are¡¡brothers¡¡enemies£¿¡¡¡¡Are¡¡fathers¡¡unnatural£»¡¡and¡¡children¡¡prodigal£¿
GOD¡¡GAVE¡¡THE¡¡EARTH¡¡TO¡¡THE¡¡HUMAN¡¡RACE£º¡¡why¡¡then¡¡have¡¡I¡¡received¡¡none£¿¡¡¡¡HE¡¡HAS¡¡PUT¡¡ALL¡¡THINGS¡¡UNDER¡¡MY¡¡FEET£»and¡¡I¡¡have¡¡not¡¡where¡¡to¡¡lay¡¡my¡¡head£¡¡¡¡¡MULTIPLY£»¡¡he¡¡tells¡¡us¡¡through¡¡his¡¡interpreter£»¡¡Pothier¡£¡¡¡¡Ah£»¡¡learned¡¡Pothier£¡¡¡that¡¡is¡¡as¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡do¡¡as¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡but¡¡you¡¡must¡¡give¡¡moss¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bird¡¡for¡¡its¡¡nest¡£
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Thus£»¡¡labor¡¡gives¡¡birth¡¡to¡¡private¡¡possession£»¡¡the¡¡right¡¡in¡¡a¡¡thingjus¡¡in¡¡re¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡in¡¡what¡¡thing£¿¡¡¡¡Evidently¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡PRODUCT£»¡¡not¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡SOIL¡£¡¡¡¡So¡¡the¡¡Arabs¡¡have¡¡always¡¡understood¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡so£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡Caesar¡¡and¡¡Tacitus£»¡¡the¡¡Germans¡¡formerly¡¡held¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡Arabs£»¡¨¡¡says¡¡M¡£¡¡de¡¡Sismondi£»¡¡¡¨who¡¡admit¡¡a¡¡man's¡¡property¡¡in¡¡the¡¡flocks¡¡which¡¡he¡¡has¡¡raised£»¡¡do¡¡not¡¡refuse¡¡the¡¡crop¡¡to¡¡him¡¡who¡¡planted¡¡the¡¡seed£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡do¡¡not¡¡see¡¡why¡¡another£»¡¡his¡¡equal£»¡¡should¡¡not¡¡have¡¡a¡¡right¡¡to¡¡plant¡¡in¡¡his¡¡turn¡£
The¡¡inequality¡¡which¡¡results¡¡from¡¡the¡¡pretended¡¡right¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡occupant¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡them¡¡to¡¡be¡¡based¡¡on¡¡no¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡justice£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡all¡¡the¡¡land¡¡falls¡¡into¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡number¡¡of¡¡inhabitants£»¡¡there¡¡results¡¡a¡¡monopoly¡¡in¡¡their¡¡favor¡¡against¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nation£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡they¡¡do¡¡not¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡submit¡£¡¨
Well£»¡¡they¡¡have¡¡shared¡¡the¡¡land¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡admit¡¡that¡¡therefrom¡¡results¡¡a¡¡more¡¡powerful¡¡organization¡¡of¡¡labor£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡this¡¡method¡¡of¡¡distribution£»¡¡fixed¡¡and¡¡durable£»¡¡is¡¡advantageous¡¡to¡¡production£º¡¡but¡¡how¡¡could¡¡this¡¡division¡¡give¡¡to¡¡each¡¡a¡¡transferable¡¡right¡¡of¡¡property¡¡in¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡which¡¡all¡¡had¡¡an¡¡inalienable¡¡right¡¡of¡¡possession£¿¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡jurisprudence£»¡¡this¡¡metamorphosis¡¡from¡¡possessor¡¡to¡¡proprietor¡¡is¡¡legally¡¡impossible£»¡¡it¡¡implies¡¡in¡¡the¡¡jurisdiction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡courts¡¡the¡¡union¡¡of¡¡possessoire¡¡and¡¡petitoire£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡mutual¡¡concessions¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡share¡¡the¡¡land¡¡are¡¡nothing¡¡less¡¡than¡¡traffic¡¡in¡¡natural¡¡rights¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡original¡¡cultivators¡¡of¡¡the¡¡land£»¡¡who¡¡were¡¡also¡¡the¡¡original¡¡makers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡law£»¡¡were¡¡not¡¡as¡¡learned¡¡as¡¡our¡¡legislators£»¡¡I¡¡admit£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡they¡¡been£»¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not¡¡have¡¡done¡¡worse£º¡¡they¡¡did¡¡not¡¡foresee¡¡the¡¡consequences¡¡of¡¡the¡¡transformation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡private¡¡possession¡¡into¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡absolute¡¡property¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡why¡¡hav