the evolution of modern medicine-第9节

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anatomy；　physiology　or　pathology。

Early　Japanese　medicine　has　not　much　to　distinguish　it　from　the　Chinese。　　At　first　purely　theurgic；　the　practice　was　later　characterized　by　acupuncture　and　a　refined　study　of　the　pulse。　It　has　an　extensive　literature；　largely　based　upon　the　Chinese；　and　extending　as　far　back　as　the　beginning　of　the　Christian　era。　European　medicine　was　introduced　by　the　Portuguese　and　the　Dutch；　whose　〃factory〃　or　〃company〃　physicians　were　not　without　influence　upon　practice。　　An　extraordinary　stimulus　was　given　to　the　belief　in　European　medicine　by　a　dissection　made　by　Mayeno　in　1771　demonstrating　the　position　of　the　organs　as　shown　in　the　European　anatomical　tables；　and　proving　the　Chinese　figures　to　be　incorrect。　The　next　day　a　translation　into　Japanese　of　the　anatomical　work　of　Kulmus　was　begun；　and　from　its　appearance　in　1773　may　be　dated　the　commencement　of　reforms　in　medicine。　In　1793；　the　work　of　de　Gorter　on　internal　medicine　was　translated；　and　it　is　interesting　to　know　that　before　the　so…called　〃opening　of　Japan〃　many　European　works　on　medicine　had　been　published。　In　1857；　a　Dutch　medical　school　was　started　in　Yedo。　　Since　the　political　upheaval　in　1868；　Japan　has　made　rapid　progress　in　scientific　medicine；　and　its　institutions　and　teachers　are　now　among　the　best　known　in　the　world。＇28＇

＇28＇　See　Y。　Fujikawa；　Geschichte　der　Medizin　in　Japan；　Tokyo；　1911。



CHAPTER　II

GREEK　MEDICINE

OGRAIAE　gentis　decus！　let　us　sing　with　Lucretius；　one　of　the　great　interpreters　of　Greek　thought。　　How　grand　and　how　true　is　his　paean！

　Out　of　the　night；　out　of　the　blinding　night　Thy　beacon　flashes；hail；　beloved　light　Of　Greece　and　Grecian；　hail；　for　in　the　mirk　Thou　cost　reveal　each　valley　and　each　height。

Thou　art　my　leader；　and　the　footprints　shine；　Wherein　I　plant　my　own。。。。

　*　*　*　*　*

The　world　was　shine　to　read；　and　having　read；　Before　thy　children's　eyes　thou　didst　outspread　The　fruitful　page　of　knowledge；　all　the　wealth　Of　wisdom；　all　her　plenty　for　their　bread。

＇Bk。　III。Translated　by　D。　A。　Slater。＇


Let　us　come　out　of　the　murky　night　of　the　East；　heavy　with　phantoms；　into　the　bright　daylight　of　the　West；　into　the　company　of　men　whose　thoughts　made　our　thoughts；　and　whose　ways　made　our　waysthe　men　who　first　dared　to　look　on　nature　with　the　clear　eyes　of　the　mind。

Browning's　famous　poem；　〃Childe　Roland　to　the　Dark　Tower　Came；〃　is　an　allegory　of　the　pilgrimage　of　man　through　the　dark　places　of　the　earth；　on　a　dismal　path　beset　with　demons；　and　strewn　with　the　wreckage　of　generations　of　failures。　In　his　ear　tolled　the　knell　of　all　the　lost　adventurers；　his　peers；　all　lost；　lost　within　sight　of　the　dark　Tower　itself

The　round　squat　turret；　blind　as　the　fool's　heart；　Built　of　brown　stone；　without　a　counterpart　In　the　whole　world。

lost　in　despair　at　an　all…encircling　mystery。　　Not　so　the　Greek　Childe　Roland　who　set　the　slug…horn　to　his　lips　and　blew　a　challenge。　　Neither　Shakespeare　nor　Browning　tells　us　what　happened；　and　the　old　legend；　Childe　Roland；　is　the　incarnation　of　the　Greek　spirit；　the　young；　light…hearted　master　of　the　modern　world；　at　whose　trumpet　blast　the　dark　towers　of　ignorance；　superstition　and　deceit　have　vanished　into　thin　air；　as　the　baseless　fabric　of　a　dream。　　Not　that　the　jeering　phantoms　have　flown！　They　still　beset；　in　varied　form；　the　path　of　each　generation；　but　the　Achaian　Childe　Roland　gave　to　man　self…confidence；　and　taught　him　the　lesson　that　nature's　mysteries；　to　be　solved；　must　be　challenged。　On　a　portal　of　one　of　the　temples　of　Isis　in　Egypt　was　carved：　〃I　am　whatever　hath　been；　is；　or　ever　will　be；　and　my　veil　no　man　has　yet　lifted。〃

The　veil　of　nature　the　Greek　lifted　and　herein　lies　his　value　to　us。　What　of　this　Genius？　　How　did　it　arise　among　the　peoples　of　the　AEgean　Sea？　　Those　who　wish　to　know　the　rock　whence　science　was　hewn　may　read　the　story　told　in　vivid　language　by　Professor　Gomperz　in　his　〃Greek　Thinkers；〃　the　fourth　volume　of　which　has　recently　been　published　（Murray；　1912；　Scribner；　1912）。　In　1912；　there　was　published　a　book　by　one　of　the　younger　Oxford　teachers；　〃The　Greek　Genius　and　Its　Meaning　to　Us；〃＇1＇　from　which　those　who　shrink　from　the　serious　study　of　Gomperz'　four　volumes　may　learn　something　of　the　spirit　of　Greece。　　Let　me　quote　a　few　lines　from　his　introduction：

＇1＇　By　R。　W。　Livingstone；　Clarendon　Press；　Oxford；　1912　＇2d　ed。；　revised；　1915＇。


〃Europe　has　nearly　four　million　square　miles；　Lancashire　has　1；700；　Attica　has　700。　　Yet　this　tiny　country　has　given　us　an　art　which　we；　with　it　and　all　that　the　world　has　done　since　it　for　our　models；　have　equalled　perhaps；　but　not　surpassed。　　It　has　given　us　the　staple　of　our　vocabulary　in　every　domain　of　thought　and　knowledge。　　Politics；　tyranny；　democracy；　anarchism；　philosophy；　physiology；　geology；　historythese　are　all　Greek　words。　　It　has　seized　and　up　to　the　present　day　kept　hold　of　our　higher　education。　　It　has　exercised　an　unfailing　fascination；　even　on　minds　alien　or　hostile。　　Rome　took　her　culture　thence。　Young　Romans　completed　their　education　in　the　Greek　schools。。。。　And　so　it　was　with　natures　less　akin　to　Greece　than　the　Roman。　St。　Paul；　a　Hebrew　of　the　Hebrews；　who　called　the　wisdom　of　the　Greeks　foolishness；　was　drawn　to　their　Areopagus；　and　found　himself　accommodating　his　gospel　to　the　style；　and　quoting　verses　from　the　poets　of　this　alien　race。　After　him；　the　Church；　which　was　born　to　protest　against　Hellenism；　translated　its　dogmas　into　the　language　of　Greek　thought　and　finally　crystallized　them　in　the　philosophy　of　Aristotle。〃

Whether　a　plaything　of　the　gods　or　a　cog　in　the　wheels　of　the　universe　this　was　the　problem　which　life　offered　to　the　thinking　Greek；　and　in　undertaking　its　solution；　he　set　in　motion　the　forces　that　have　made　our　modern　civilization。　　That　the　problem　remains　unsolved　is　nothing　in　comparison　with　the　supreme　fact　that　in　wrestling　with　it；　and　in　studying　the　laws　of　the　machine；　man　is　learning　to　control　the　small　section　of　it　with　which　he　is　specially　concerned。　The　veil　of　thaumaturgy　which　shrouded　the　Orient；　while　not　removed；　was　rent　in　twain；　and　for　the　first　time　in　history；　man　had　a　clear　vision　of　the　world　about　him〃had　gazed　on　Nature's　naked　loveliness〃　（〃Adonais〃）　unabashed　and　unaffrighted　by　the　supernatural　powers　about　him。　Not　that　the　Greek　got　rid　of　his　godsfar　from　it！but　he　made　them　so　like　himself；　and　lived　on　terms　of　such　familiarity　with　them　that　they　inspired　no　terror。＇2＇

＇2＇　〃They　made　deities　in　their　own　image；　in　the　likeness　of　an　image　of　corruptible　man。　　Sua　cuique　deu　fit　dira　cupido。　'Each　man's　fearful　passion　becomes　his　god。'　　Yes；　and　not　passions　only；　but　every　impulse；　every　aspiration；　every　humour；　every　virtue；　every　whim。　　In　each　of　his　activities　the　Greek　found　something　wonderful；　and　called　it　God：　the　hearth　at　which　he　warmed　himself　and　cooked　his　food；　the　street　in　which　his　house　stood；　the　horse　he　rode；　the　cattle　he　pastured；　the　wife　he　married；　the　child　that　was　born　to　him；　the　plague　of　which　he　died　or　from　which　he　recovered；　each　suggested　a　deity；　and　he　made　one　to　preside　over　each。　So　too　with　qualities　and　powers　more　abstract。〃　R。W。　Livingstone：　　The　Greek　Genius　and　Its　Meaning　to　Us；　pp。　51…52。


Livingstone　discusses　the　Greek　Genius　as　displayed　to　us　in　certain　〃notes〃the　Note　of　Beautythe　Desire　for　Freedomthe　Note　of　Directnessthe　Note　of　Humanismthe　Note　of　Sanity　and　of　Many…sidedness。　Upon　some　of　these　characteristics　we　shall　have　occasion　to　dwell　in　the　brief　sketch　of　the　rise　of　scientific　medicine　among　this　wonderful　people。

We　have　seen　that　the　primitive　man　and　in　the　great　civilizations　of　Egypt　and　Babylonia；　the　physician　evolved　from　the　priestin　Greece　he　had　a　dual　origin；　philosophy　and　religion。　Let　us　first　trace　the　origins　in　the　philosophers；　particularly　in　the　group　known　as　the　Ionian　Physiologists；　whether　at　home　or　as　colonists　in　the　south　of　Italy；　in　whose　work　the　beginnings　of　scientific　medicine　may　be　found。　Let　me　quote　a　statement　from　Gomperz：

〃We　can　trace　the　springs　of　Greek　success　achieved　and　maintained　by　the　great　men　of　Hellas　on　the　field　of　scientific　inquiry　to　a　remarkable　conjunction　of　natural　gifts　and　conditions。　There　was　the　teeming　wealth　of　constructive　imagination　united　with　the　sleepless　critical　spirit　which　shrank　from　no　test　of　audacity；　there　was　the　most　powerful　impulse　to　generalization　coupled　with　the　sharpest　faculty　for　descrying　and　distinguishing　the　finest　shades　of　phenomenal　peculiarity；　there　was　the　religion　of　Hellas；　which　afforded　complete　satisfaction　to　the　requirements　of　sentiment；　and　yet　left　the　intelligence　free　to　perform　its　destructive　work；　there　were　the　political　conditions　of　a　number　of　rival　centres　of　intellect；　of　a　friction　of　forces；　excluding　the　possibility　of　stagnation；　and；　finally；　of　an　order　of　state　and　society　strict　enough　to　curb　the　excesses　of　'children　crying　for　the　moon；'　and　elastic　enough　not　to　hamper　the　soaring　flight　of　superior　minds。。。。　We　have　already　made　acquaintance　with　two　of　the　sources　from　which　the　spirit　of　criticism　derived　its　nourishmentthe　metaphysical　and　dialectical　discussion