the evolution of modern medicine-第27节
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shift And change in the spirit；nay； in every pore Of the body； even）what God is； what we are； What life is。 。 。＇6＇
＇6＇ Robert Browning： Paracelsus； closing speech。
Much has been done of late to clear up his story and his character。 Professor Sudhoff； of Leipzig； has made an exhaustive bibliographical study of his writings；＇7＇ there have been recent monographs by Julius Hartmann； and Professors Franz and Karl Strunz；＇8＇ and a sympathetic summary of his life and writings has been published by the late Miss Stoddart。＇9＇ Indeed there is at present a cult of Paracelsus。 The hermetic and alchemical writings are available in English in the edition of A。 E。 Waite； London； 1894。 The main facts of his life you can find in all the biographies。 Suffice it here to say that he was born at Einsiedeln； near Zurich； in 1493； the son of a physician； from whom he appears to have had his early training both in medicine and in chemistry。 Under the famous abbot and alchemist； Trithemiusof Wurzburg； he studied chemistry and occultism。 After working in the mines at Schwatz he began his wanderings； during which he professes to have visited nearly all the countries in Europe and to have reached India and China。 Returning to Germany he began a triumphal tour of practice through the German cities； always in opposition to the medical faculty； and constantly in trouble。 He undoubtedly performed many important cures； and was thought to have found the supreme secret of alchemistry。 In the pommel of his sword he was believed to carry a familiar spirit。 So dominant was his reputation that in 1527 he was called to the chair of physic in the University of Basel。 Embroiled in quarrels after his first year he was forced to leave secretly； and again began his wanderings through German cities； working； quarrelling； curing； and dying prematurely at Saltzburg in 1541 one of the most tragic figures in the history of medicine。
＇7＇ Professor Sudhoff： Bibliographia Paracelsica； Berlin； 1894； 1899。
＇8＇ R。 Julius Hartmann： Theophrast von Hohenheim； Berlin； 1904； ditto； Franz Strunz；Leipzig； 1903。
＇9＇ Anna M。 Stoddart： The Life of Paracelsus； London； John Murray； 1911。
Paracelsus is the Luther of medicine； the very incarnation of the spirit of revolt。 At a period when authority was paramount； and men blindly followed old leaders； when to stray from the beaten track in any field of knowledge was a damnable heresy； he stood out boldly for independent study and the right of private judgment。 After election to the chair at Basel he at once introduced a startling novelty by lecturing in German。 He had caught the new spirit and was ready to burst all bonds both in medicine and in theology。 He must have startled the old teachers and practitioners by his novel methods。〃On June 5； 1527； he attached a programme of his lectures to the black…board of the University inviting all to come to them。 It began by greeting all students of the art of healing。 He proclaimed its lofty and serious nature； a gift of God to man； and the need of developing it to new importance and to new renown。 This he undertook to do； not retrogressing to the teaching of the ancients； but progressing whither nature pointed； through research into nature； where he himself had discovered and had verified by prolonged experiment and experience。He was ready to oppose obedience to old lights as if they were oracles from which one did not dare to differ。 Illustrious doctor smight be graduated from books； but books made not a single physician。＇10＇ Neither graduation； nor fluency； nor the knowledge of old languages； nor the reading of many books made a physician； but the knowledge of things themselves and their properties。 The business of a doctor was to know the different kinds of sicknesses； their causes；their symptoms and their right remedies。 This he would teach； for he had won this knowledge through experience； the greatest teacher； and with much toil。 He would teach it as he had learned it； and his lectures would be founded on works which he had composed concerning inward and external treatment； physic and surgery。〃＇11＇ Shortly afterwards； at the Feast of St。 John； the students had a bonfire in front of the university。 Paracelsus came out holding in his hands the 〃Bible of medicine；〃 Avicenna's 〃Canon；〃 which he flung into the flames saying： 〃Into St。 John's fire so that all misfortune may go into the air with the smoke。〃 It was； as he explained afterwards； a symbolic act： 〃What has perished must go to the fire； it is no longer fit for use： what is true and living； that the fire cannot burn。〃 With abundant confidence in his own capacity he proclaimed himself the legitimate monarch； the very Christ of medicine。 〃You shall follow me；〃 cried he； 〃you； Avicenna； Galen； Rhasis； Montagnana； Mesues； you； Gentlemen of Paris； Montpellier； Germany； Cologne； Vienna； and whomsoever the Rhine and Danube nourish； you who inhabit the isles of the sea； you； likewise； Dalmatians； Athenians； thou； Arab； thou； Greek； thou； Jew； all shall follow me； and the monarchy shall be mine。〃＇12＇
＇10＇ And men have oft grown old among their books To die case hardened in their ignorance。
Paracelsus； Browning。
＇11＇ Anna M。 Stoddart： Life of Paracelsus； London； 1911； pp。 95…96。
＇12＇ Browning's Paracelsus； London； 1835； p。 206 （note）。
This first great revolt against the slavish authority of the schools had little immediate effect； largely on account of the personal vagaries of the reformerbut it made men think。 Paracelsus stirred the pool as had not been done for fifteen centuries。
Much more important is the relation of Paracelsus to the new chemical studies； and their relation to practical medicine。 Alchemy； he held； 〃is to make neither gold nor silver： its use is to make the supreme sciences and to direct them against disease。〃 He recognized three basic substances； sulphur； mercury and salt； which were the necessary ingredients of all bodies organic or inorganic。 They were the basis of the three principles out of which the Archaeus； the spirit of nature； formed all bodies。 He made important discoveries in chemistry； zinc； the various compounds of mercury； calomel； flowers of sulphur； among others； and he was a strong advocate of the use of preparations of iron and antimony。 In practical pharmacy he has perhaps had a greater reputation for the introduction of a tincture of opiumlabdanum or laudanumwith which he effected miraculous cures； and the use of which he had probably learned in the East。
Through Paracelsus a great stimulus was given to the study of chemistry and pharmacy； and he is the first of the modern iatro…chemists。 In contradistinction to Galenic medicines； which were largely derived from the vegetable kingdom； from this time on we find in the literature references to spagyric medicines and a 〃spagyrist〃 was a Paracelsian who regarded chemistry as the basis of all medical knowledge。
One cannot speak very warmly of the practical medical writings of Paracelsus。 Gout； which may be taken as the disease upon which he had the greatest reputation； is very badly described； and yet he has one or two fruitful ideas singularly mixed with mediaeval astrology； but he has here and there very happy insights； as where he remarks 〃nec praeter synoviam locqum alium ullum podagra occupat。〃＇13＇ In the tract on phlebotomy I see nothing modern； and here again he is everywhere dominated by astrological ideas〃Sapiens dominatur astris。〃
＇13 Geneva ed。； 1658； Vol。 I； p。 613。
As a protagonist of occult philosophy； Paracelsus has had a more enduring reputation than as a physician。 In estimating his position there is the great difficulty referred to by Sudhoff in determining which of the extant treatises are genuine。 In the two volumes issued in English by Waite in 1894； there is much that is difficult to read and to appreciate from our modern standpoint。 In the book 〃Concerning Long Life〃 he confesses that his method and practice will not be intelligible to common persons and that he writes only for those whose intelligence is above the average。 To those fond of transcendental studies they appeal and are perhaps intelligible。 Everywhere one comes across shrewd remarks which prove that Paracelsus had a keen belief in the all…controlling powers of nature and of man's capacity to make those powers operate for his own good： 〃the wise man rules Nature； not Nature the wise man。〃 〃The difference between the Saint and the Magus is that the one operates by means of God； and the other by means of Nature。〃 He had great faith in nature and the light of nature； holding that man obtains from nature according as he believes。 His theory of the three principles appears to have controlled his conception of everything relating to man； spiritually； mentally and bodily； and his threefold genera of disease corresponded in some mysterious way with the three primary substances； salt； sulphur and mercury。
How far he was a believer in astrology； charms and divination it is not easy to say。 From many of the writings in his collected works one would gather； as I have already quoted； that he was a strong believer。 On the other hand； in the 〃Paramirum；〃 he says： 〃Stars control nothing in us； suggest nothing； incline
