Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the evolution of modern medicine >

µÚ22½Ú

the evolution of modern medicine-µÚ22½Ú

С˵£º the evolution of modern medicine ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



for¡¡this¡¡purpose¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡seems¡¡probable¡¡that¡¡under¡¡the¡¡strong¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡Taddeo¡¡there¡¡was¡¡an¡¡occasional¡¡dissection¡¡at¡¡Bologna£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡until¡¡Mundinus¡¡£¨professor¡¡from¡¡1306¡¡to¡¡1326£©¡¡took¡¡the¡¡chair¡¡that¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡anatomy¡¡became¡¡popular¡£¡¡The¡¡bodies¡¡were¡¡usually¡¡those¡¡of¡¡condemned¡¡criminals£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1319¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡record¡¡of¡¡a¡¡legal¡¡procedure¡¡against¡¡four¡¡medical¡¡students¡¡for¡¡body¡­snatchingthe¡¡first¡¡record£»¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡I¡¡know£»¡¡of¡¡this¡¡gruesome¡¡practice¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡1316£»¡¡Mundinus¡¡issued¡¡his¡¡work¡¡on¡¡anatomy£»¡¡which¡¡served¡¡as¡¡a¡¡text¡­book¡¡for¡¡more¡¡than¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡years¡£¡¡He¡¡quotes¡¡from¡¡Galen¡¡the¡¡amusing¡¡reasons¡¡why¡¡a¡¡man¡¡should¡¡write¡¡a¡¡book£º¡¡¡¨Firstly£»¡¡to¡¡satisfy¡¡his¡¡own¡¡friends£»¡¡secondly£»¡¡to¡¡exercise¡¡his¡¡best¡¡mental¡¡powers£»¡¡and¡¡thirdly£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡saved¡¡from¡¡the¡¡oblivion¡¡incident¡¡to¡¡old¡¡age¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Scores¡¡of¡¡manuscripts¡¡of¡¡his¡¡work¡¡must¡¡have¡¡existed£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡are¡¡now¡¡excessively¡¡rare¡¡in¡¡Italy¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡book¡¡was¡¡first¡¡printed¡¡at¡¡Pavia¡¡in¡¡1478£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡small¡¡folio¡¡without¡¡figures¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡very¡¡often¡¡reprinted¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fifteenth¡¡and¡¡sixteenth¡¡centuries¡£¡¡The¡¡quaint¡¡illustration¡¡shows¡¡us¡¡the¡¡mediaeval¡¡method¡¡of¡¡teaching¡¡anatomy£º¡¡the¡¡lecturer¡¡sitting¡¡on¡¡a¡¡chair¡¡reading¡¡from¡¡Galen£»¡¡while¡¡a¡¡barber¡¡surgeon£»¡¡or¡¡an¡¡¡¨Ostensor£»¡¨¡¡opens¡¡the¡¡cavities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡£

I¡¡have¡¡already¡¡referred¡¡to¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡medicine¡¡by¡¡women¡¡at¡¡Salernum¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡names¡¡are¡¡also¡¡early¡¡met¡¡with¡¡in¡¡the¡¡school¡¡of¡¡Bologna¡£¡¡¡¡Mundinus¡¡is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡had¡¡a¡¡valuable¡¡assistant£»¡¡a¡¡young¡¡girl£»¡¡Alessandra¡¡Giliani£»¡¡an¡¡enthusiastic¡¡dissector£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡practice¡¡the¡¡injection¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blood¡¡vessels¡¡with¡¡colored¡¡liquids¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡died£»¡¡consumed¡¡by¡¡her¡¡labors£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡early¡¡age¡¡of¡¡nineteen£»¡¡and¡¡her¡¡monument¡¡is¡¡still¡¡to¡¡be¡¡seen¡£

Bologna¡¡honored¡¡its¡¡distinguished¡¡professors¡¡with¡¡magnificent¡¡tombs£»¡¡sixteen¡¡or¡¡seventeen¡¡of¡¡which£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡wonderful¡¡state¡¡of¡¡preservation£»¡¡may¡¡still¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Civic¡¡Museum¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡of¡¡Mundinus¡¡also¡¡existsa¡¡sepulchral¡¡bas¡­relief¡¡on¡¡the¡¡wall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Church¡¡of¡¡San¡¡Vitale¡¡at¡¡Bologna¡££§19£§

£§19£§¡¡For¡¡these¡¡figures¡¡and¡¡for¡¡points¡¡relating¡¡to¡¡the¡¡old¡¡school¡¡at¡¡Bologna¡¡see¡¡F¡£¡¡G¡£¡¡Cavezza£º¡¡¡¡Le¡¡Scuole¡¡dell'¡¡antico¡¡Studio¡¡Bolognese£»¡¡Milano£»¡¡1896¡£


The¡¡other¡¡early¡¡mediaeval¡¡university¡¡of¡¡special¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡medicine¡¡is¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Montpellier¡£¡¡¡¡With¡¡it¡¡are¡¡connected¡¡three¡¡teachers¡¡who¡¡have¡¡left¡¡great¡¡names¡¡in¡¡our¡¡storyArnold¡¡of¡¡Villanova£»¡¡Henri¡¡de¡¡Mondeville¡¡and¡¡Guy¡¡de¡¡Chauliac¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡city¡¡was¡¡very¡¡favorably¡¡situated¡¡not¡¡far¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Spanish¡¡border£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡receding¡¡tide¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Arab¡¡invasion¡¡in¡¡the¡¡eighth¡¡century¡¡had¡¡left¡¡a¡¡strong¡¡Arabic¡¡influence¡¡in¡¡that¡¡province¡£¡¡The¡¡date¡¡of¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡university¡¡is¡¡uncertain£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡were¡¡teachers¡¡of¡¡medicine¡¡there¡¡in¡¡the¡¡twelfth¡¡century£»¡¡though¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡until¡¡1289¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡formally¡¡founded¡¡by¡¡a¡¡papal¡¡bull¡£

Arnold¡¡of¡¡Villanova¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡prolific¡¡writers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Middle¡¡Ages¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡had¡¡travelled¡¡much£»¡¡was¡¡deeply¡¡read¡¡in¡¡Arabic¡¡medicine¡¡and¡¡was¡¡also¡¡a¡¡student¡¡of¡¡law¡¡and¡¡of¡¡philosophy¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡an¡¡early¡¡editor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Regimen¡¡Sanitatis£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡strong¡¡advocate¡¡of¡¡diet¡¡and¡¡hygiene¡£¡¡His¡¡views¡¡on¡¡disease¡¡were¡¡largely¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Arabian¡¡physicians£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡cannot¡¡see¡¡that¡¡he¡¡himself¡¡made¡¡any¡¡very¡¡important¡¡contribution¡¡to¡¡our¡¡knowledge£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡was¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡strong¡¡individuality¡¡and¡¡left¡¡an¡¡enduring¡¡mark¡¡on¡¡mediaeval¡¡medicine£»¡¡as¡¡one¡¡may¡¡judge¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡among¡¡the¡¡first¡¡hundred¡¡medical¡¡books¡¡printed¡¡there¡¡were¡¡many¡¡associated¡¡with¡¡his¡¡name¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡constantly¡¡in¡¡trouble¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Church£»¡¡though¡¡befriended¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Popes¡¡on¡¡account¡¡of¡¡his¡¡medical¡¡knowledge¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡a¡¡Bull¡¡of¡¡Clement¡¡V¡¡asking¡¡the¡¡bishops¡¡to¡¡search¡¡for¡¡a¡¡medical¡¡book¡¡by¡¡Arnold¡¡dedicated¡¡to¡¡himself£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡many¡¡years¡¡later¡¡his¡¡writings¡¡were¡¡condemned¡¡as¡¡heretical¡£

In¡¡Henri¡¡de¡¡Mondeville¡¡we¡¡have¡¡the¡¡typical¡¡mediaeval¡¡surgeon£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡know¡¡his¡¡work¡¡now¡¡very¡¡thoroughly¡¡from¡¡the¡¡editions¡¡of¡¡his¡¡¡¨Anatomy¡¨¡¡and¡¡¡¨Surgery¡¨¡¡edited¡¡by¡¡Pagel¡¡£¨Berlin£»¡¡1889¡­1892£©£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡fine¡¡French¡¡edition¡¡by¡¡Nicaise¡¡£¨Paris£»¡¡1893£©¡£¡¡The¡¡dominant¡¡Arabic¡¡influence¡¡is¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡that¡¡he¡¡quotes¡¡so¡¡large¡¡a¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡these¡¡authors£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡was¡¡an¡¡independent¡¡observer¡¡and¡¡a¡¡practical¡¡surgeon¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡rank¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡a¡¡sharp¡¡wit¡¡and¡¡employed¡¡a¡¡bitter¡¡tongue¡¡against¡¡the¡¡medical¡¡abuses¡¡of¡¡his¡¡day¡£¡¡How¡¡the¡¡Hippocratic¡¡humors¡¡dominated¡¡practice¡¡at¡¡this¡¡time¡¡you¡¡may¡¡see¡¡at¡¡a¡¡glance¡¡from¡¡the¡¡table¡¡prepared¡¡by¡¡Nicaise¡¡from¡¡the¡¡works¡¡of¡¡de¡¡Mondeville¡£¡¡We¡¡have¡¡here¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡pathology¡¡of¡¡the¡¡period¡£

=

TABLEAU¡¡DES¡¡HUMEURS¡¡D'APRES¡¡H¡£¡¡DE¡¡MONDEVILLE¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Flegme¡¡naturel¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡F¡£¡¡aqueux¡£¡¡Flegme¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡F¡£¡¡mucilagineux¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡F¡£¡¡vitreux¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Flegme¡¡non¡¡naturel¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡F¡¡sale¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡F¡£¡¡doux¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡F¡£¡¡pontique£»¡¡2¡¡especes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡F¡£¡¡acide£»¡¡2¡¡especes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Bile¡¡naturelle¡£¡¡Bile¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡B¡£¡¡citrine¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡B¡£¡¡vitelline¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Bile¡¡non¡¡naturelle¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡B¡£¡¡praline¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡B¡£¡¡aerugineuse¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡B¡£¡¡brulee£»¡¡3¡¡especes¡£¡¡Sang¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡naturel¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡non¡¡naturel£»¡¡5¡¡especes¡£¡¡Melancolie¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡naturelle¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡non¡¡naturelle£»¡¡5¡¡especes¡£¡¡=

A¡¡still¡¡greater¡¡name¡¡in¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡this¡¡school¡¡is¡¡Guy¡¡de¡¡Chauliac£»¡¡whose¡¡works¡¡have¡¡also¡¡been¡¡edited¡¡by¡¡Nicaise¡¡£¨Paris£»¡¡1890£©¡£¡¡His¡¡¡¨Surgery¡¨¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡text¡­books¡¡of¡¡the¡¡late¡¡Middle¡¡Ages¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡are¡¡many¡¡manuscripts¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡some¡¡fourteen¡¡editions¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fifteenth¡¡century¡¡and¡¡thirty¡­eight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sixteenth£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡continued¡¡to¡¡be¡¡reprinted¡¡far¡¡into¡¡the¡¡seventeenth¡¡century¡£¡¡He¡¡too¡¡was¡¡dominated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡surgery¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Arabs£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡nearly¡¡every¡¡page¡¡one¡¡reads¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sages¡¡Avicenna£»¡¡Albucasis¡¡or¡¡Rhazes¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡lays¡¡down¡¡four¡¡conditions¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡making¡¡of¡¡a¡¡surgeonthe¡¡first¡¡is¡¡that¡¡he¡¡must¡¡be¡¡learned£»¡¡the¡¡second£»¡¡expert£»¡¡the¡¡third¡¡that¡¡he¡¡should¡¡be¡¡clever£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡fourth¡¡that¡¡he¡¡should¡¡be¡¡well¡¡disciplined¡£

You¡¡will¡¡find¡¡a¡¡very¡¡discerning¡¡sketch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡relation¡¡of¡¡these¡¡two¡¡men¡¡to¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡surgery¡¡in¡¡the¡¡address¡¡given¡¡at¡¡the¡¡St¡£¡¡Louis¡¡Congress¡¡in¡¡1904¡¡by¡¡Sir¡¡Clifford¡¡Allbutt¡££§20£§¡¡They¡¡were¡¡strong¡¡men¡¡with¡¡practical¡¡minds¡¡and¡¡good¡¡hands£»¡¡whose¡¡experience¡¡taught¡¡them¡¡wisdom¡£¡¡In¡¡both¡¡there¡¡was¡¡the¡¡blunt¡¡honesty¡¡that¡¡so¡¡often¡¡characterizes¡¡a¡¡good¡¡surgeon£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡commend¡¡to¡¡modern¡¡surgeons¡¡de¡¡Mondeville's¡¡saying£º¡¡¡¨If¡¡you¡¡have¡¡operated¡¡conscientiously¡¡on¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡for¡¡a¡¡proper¡¡fee£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡the¡¡poor¡¡for¡¡charity£»¡¡you¡¡need¡¡not¡¡play¡¡the¡¡monk£»¡¡nor¡¡make¡¡pilgrimages¡¡for¡¡your¡¡soul¡£¡¨

£§20£§¡¡Allbutt£º¡¡¡¡Historical¡¡Relations¡¡of¡¡Medicine¡¡and¡¡Surgery£»¡¡London£»¡¡Macmillan¡¡Co¡££»¡¡1905¡£


One¡¡other¡¡great¡¡mediaeval¡¡physician¡¡may¡¡be¡¡mentioned£»¡¡Peter¡¡of¡¡Abano¡¡£¨a¡¡small¡¡town¡¡near¡¡Padua£»¡¡famous¡¡for¡¡its¡¡baths£©¡£¡¡He¡¡is¡¡the¡¡first¡¡in¡¡a¡¡long¡¡line¡¡of¡¡distinguished¡¡physicians¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡the¡¡great¡¡school¡¡of¡¡Padua¡£¡¡¡¡Known¡¡as¡¡¡¨the¡¡Conciliator£»¡¨¡¡from¡¡his¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡reconcile¡¡the¡¡diverse¡¡views¡¡on¡¡philosophy¡¡and¡¡medicine£»¡¡he¡¡had¡¡an¡¡extraordinary¡¡reputation¡¡as¡¡a¡¡practitioner¡¡and¡¡author£»¡¡the¡¡persistence¡¡of¡¡which¡¡is¡¡well¡¡illustrated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡eight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡one¡¡hundred¡¡and¡¡eighty¡­two¡¡medical¡¡books¡¡printed¡¡before¡¡1481¡¡were¡¡from¡¡his¡¡pen¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡taught¡¡medicine¡¡in¡¡Paris£»¡¡Bologna¡¡and¡¡Padua¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡a¡¡devoted¡¡astrologer£»¡¡had¡¡a¡¡reputation¡¡among¡¡the¡¡people¡¡as¡¡a¡¡magician¡¡and£»¡¡like¡¡his¡¡contemporary£»¡¡Arnold¡¡of¡¡Villanova£»¡¡came¡¡into¡¡conflict¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Church¡¡and¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡several¡¡times¡¡before¡¡the¡¡Inquisition£»¡¡indeed¡¡it¡¡is¡¡said¡¡that¡¡he¡¡escaped¡¡the¡¡stake¡¡only¡¡by¡¡a¡¡timely¡¡death¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡a¡¡prolific¡¡commentator¡¡on¡¡Aristotle£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡exposition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¨problems¡¨¡¡had¡¡a¡¡great¡¡vogue¡£¡¡The¡¡early¡¡editions¡¡of¡¡his¡¡texts¡¡are¡¡among¡¡the¡¡most¡¡superb¡¡works¡¡ever¡¡printed¡£¡¡He¡¡outlived¡¡his¡¡reputation¡¡as¡¡a¡¡magician£»¡¡and¡¡more¡¡than¡¡a¡¡century¡¡after¡¡his¡¡death¡¡Frederick£»¡¡Duke¡¡of¡¡Urbino£»¡¡caused¡¡his¡¡effigies¡¡to¡¡be¡¡set¡¡up¡¡over¡¡the¡¡gate¡¡of¡¡the¡¡palace¡¡at¡¡Padua¡¡with¡¡this¡¡inscription£º

PETRUS¡¡APONUS¡¡PATAVINUS¡¡PHILOSOPHIAE¡¡MEDICINAEQUE¡¡SCIENTISSIMUS£»¡¡OB¡¡IDQUE£»¡¡CONCILIATORIS¡¡NOMEN¡¡ADEPTUS£»¡¡ASTROLOGIAE¡¡VERO¡¡ADEO¡¡PERITUS£»¡¡UT¡¡IN¡¡MAGIAE¡¡SUSPICIONEM¡¡INCIDERIT£»¡¡FALSOQUE¡¡DE¡¡HAERESI¡¡POSTULATUS£»¡¡ABSOLUTUS¡¡FUERIT¡££§21£§

£§21£§¡¡Naude£º¡¡¡¡History¡¡of¡¡Magick£»¡¡London£»¡¡1657£»¡¡p¡£¡¡182£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡original£º¡¡Apologie¡¡pour¡¡les¡¡grands¡¡hommes¡¡soupconnez¡¡de¡¡magic£»¡¡e¡£g¡££»¡¡ed¡£¡¡Amst¡££»¡¡1719£»¡¡p¡£¡¡275¡£


It¡¡is¡¡said¡¡that¡¡Abano¡¡caused¡¡to¡¡be¡¡painted¡¡the¡¡astronomical¡¡figures¡¡in¡¡the¡¡great¡¡hall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡palace¡¡at¡¡Padua¡£

One¡¡characteristic¡¡of¡¡mediaeval¡¡medicine¡¡is¡¡its¡¡union¡¡with¡¡theology£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡not¡¡remarkable£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡learning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time¡¡was¡¡chiefly¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡clergy¡£¡¡¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡popular¡¡works£»¡¡the¡¡¡¨Thesaurus¡¡Pauperum£»¡¨¡¡was¡¡written¡¡by¡¡Petrus¡¡Hispanus£»¡¡afterwards¡¡Pope¡¡John¡¡XXI¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡may¡¡judge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pontifical¡¡practice¡¡from¡¡the¡¡page¡¡here¡¡reproduced£»¡¡which¡¡probably¡¡includes£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡term¡¡¡¨iliac¡¡passion£»¡¨¡¡all¡¡varieties¡¡of¡¡appendicitis¡£

For¡¡our¡¡purpose¡¡two¡¡beacons¡¡illuminate¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡thirteenth¡¡century¡¡in¡¡its¡¡outlook¡¡on¡¡man¡¡and¡¡nature¡£¡¡Better¡¡than¡¡Abelard¡¡or¡¡St¡£¡¡Thomas¡¡Aquinas£»¡¡and¡¡much¡¡better¡¡than¡¡any¡¡physicians£»¡¡Albertus¡¡Magnus¡¡and¡¡Roger¡¡Bacon¡¡represent¡¡the¡¡men¡¡who¡¡were¡¡awake¡¡to¡¡greet¡¡the¡¡rising¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sun¡¡of¡¡science¡£¡¡What¡¡a¡¡contrast¡¡in¡¡their¡¡lives¡¡and¡¡in¡¡their¡¡works£¡¡¡The¡¡great¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ