the evolution of modern medicine-第13节
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works； a valuable edition and easily obtained。 Littre's ten…volume edition OEuvres completes d'Hippocrate；〃 Paris； 1839…1861； is the most important for reference。 Those of you who want a brief but very satisfactory account of the Hippocratic writings； with numerous extracts；will find the volume of Theodor Beck （Jena； 1907） very useful。
I can only indicate； in a very brief way； the special features of the Hippocratic writings that have influenced the evolution of the science and art of medicine。
The first is undoubtedly the note of humanity。 In his introduction to； 〃The Rise of the Greek Epic；〃＇21＇ Gilbert Murray emphasizes the idea of service to the community as more deeply rooted in the Greeks than in us。 The question they asked about each writer was； 〃Does he help to make better men？〃 or 〃Does he make life a better thing？〃Their aim was to be useful； to be helpful； to make better men in the cities； to correct life； 〃to make gentle the life of the world。〃 In this brief phrase were summed up the aspirations of the Athenians； likewise illuminated in that remarkable saying of Prodicus （fifth century B。C。）； 〃That which benefits human life is God。〃 The Greek view of man was the very antithesis of that which St。 Paul enforced upon the Christian world。 One idea pervades thought from Homer to Lucian…like an aroma pride in the body as a whole。 In the strong conviction that 〃our soul in its rose mesh〃 is quite as much helped by flesh as flesh by the soul the Greek sang his song〃For pleasant is this flesh。〃Just so far as we appreciate the value of the fair mind in the fair body；so far do we apprehend ideals expressed by the Greek in every department of life。 The beautiful soul harmonizing with the beautiful body was as much the glorious ideal of Plato as it was the end of the education of Aristotle。 What a splendid picture in Book III of the〃Republic；〃 of the day when 〃。 。 。 our youth will dwell in a land of health； amid fair sights and sounds and receive the good in everything；and beauty； the effluence of fair works； shall flow into the eye and ear like a health…giving breeze from a purer region； and insensibly draw the soul from earliest years into likeness and sympathy with the beauty of reason。〃 The glory of this zeal for the enrichment of this present life was revealed to the Greeks as to no other people； but in respect to care for the body of the common man； we have only seen its fulfilment in our own day； as a direct result of the methods of research initiated by them。 Everywhere throughout the Hippocratic writings we find this attitude towards life； which has never been better expressed than in the fine phrase； 〃Where there is love of humanity there will be love of the profession。〃 This is well brought out in the qualifications laid down by Hippocrates for the study of medicine。〃Whoever is to acquire a competent knowledge of medicine ought to be possessed of the following advantages： a natural disposition； instruction；a favourable position for the study； early tuition； love of labour； leisure。 First of all； a natural talent is required； for when nature opposes； everything else is vain； but when nature leads the way to what is most excellent； instruction in the art takes place； which the student must try to appropriate to himself by reflection； becoming a nearly pupil in a place well adapted for instruction。 He must also bring to the task a love of labour and perseverance； so that the instruction taking root may bring forth proper and abundant fruits。〃 And the directions given for the conduct of life and for the relation which the physician should have with the public are those of our code of ethics today。 Consultations in doubtful cases are advised； touting for fees is discouraged。 〃If two or more ways of medical treatment were possible； the physician was recommended to choose the least imposing or sensational； it was an act of 'deceit' to dazzle the patient's eye by brilliant exhibitions of skill which might very well be dispensed with。 The practice of holding public lectures in order to increase his reputation was discouraged in the physician； and he was especially warned against lectures tricked out with quotations from the poets。 Physicians who pretended to infallibility in detecting even the minutest departure from their prescriptions were laughed at； and finally； there were precise by…laws to regulate the personal behaviour of the physician。 He was enjoined to observe the most scrupulous cleanliness； and was advised to cultivate an elegance removed from all signs of luxury； even down to the detail that he might use perfumes；but not in an immoderate degree。〃＇22＇ But the high…water mark of professional morality is reached in the famous Hippocratic oath；which Gomperz calls 〃a monument of the highest rank in the history of civilization。〃 It is of small matter whether this is of Hippocratic date or not； or whether it has in it Egyptian or Indian elements： its importance lies in the accuracy with which it represents the Greek spirit。 For twenty…five centuries it has been the 〃credo〃 of the profession； and in many universities it is still the formula with which men are admitted to the doctorate。
＇21＇ Oxford。 Clarendon Press； 2d ed。； 1911。
＇22＇ Gomperz： Greek Thinkers； Vol。 I； p。 281。
I swear by Apollo the physician and AEsculapius and Health （Hygieia） and All…Heal （Panacea） and all the gods and goddesses； that； according to my ability and judgment； I will keep this oath and this stipulationto reckon him who taught me this art equally dear to me as my parents； to share my substance with him； and relieve his necessities if required； to look upon his offspring in the same footing as my own brothers； and to teach them this art；if they shall wish to learn it； without fee or stipulation； and that by precept；lecture； and every other mode of instruction； I will impart a knowledge of my art to my own sons； and those of my teachers； and to disciples bound by a stipulation and oath according to the law of medicine； but to none others。 I will follow that system of regimen which； according to my ability and judgement；I consider for the benefit of my patients； and abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous。
I will give no deadly medicine to anyone if asked； nor suggest any such counsel； and in like manner I will not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion。
With purity and with holiness I will pass my life and practice my art。
＇I will not cut persons labouring under the stone； but will leave this to be done by men who are practitioners of this work。＇
Into whatsoever houses I enter； I will go into them for the benefit of the sick； and will abstain from every voluntary act of mischief and corruption； and；further； from the abduction of females or males； of freemen and slaves。 Whatever； in connection with my professional practice； or not in connection with it；I see or hear； in the life of men； which ought not to be spoken of abroad； I will not divulge； as reckoning that all such should be kept secret。
While I continue to keep this Oath unviolated； may it be granted to me to enjoy life and the practice of the art； respected by all men； in all times！ But should I trespass and violate this Oath； may the reverse be my lot！
（Adams； II； 779； cf。 Littre； IV； 628。）
In his ideal republic； Plato put the physician low enough； in the last stratum； indeed； but he has never been more honorably placed than in the picture of Athenian society given by this author in the 〃Symposium。〃 Here the physician is shown as a cultivated gentleman； mixing in the best； if not always the most sober； society。 Eryximachus； the son of Acumenus； himself a physician； plays in this famous scene a typical Greek part＇22a＇a strong advocate of temperance in mind and body； deprecating； as a physician； excess in drink； he urged that conversation should be the order of the day and he had the honor of naming the subject〃Praise of the God of Love。〃 Incidentally Eryximachus gives his view of the nature of disease； and shows how deeply he was influenced by the views of Empedocles：〃。 。 。 so too in the body the good and healthy elements are to be indulged； and the bad elements and the elements of disease are not to be indulged； but discouraged。 And this is what the physician has to do； and in this the art of medicine consists： for medicine may be regarded generally as the knowledge of the loves and desires of the body and how to satisfy them or not； and the best physician is he who is able to separate fair love from foul； or to convert one into the other； and he who knows how to eradicate and how to implant love； whichever is required； and can reconcile the most hostile elements in the constitution and make them loving friends； is a skilful practitioner。〃
＇22a＇ Professor Gildersleeve's view of Eryximachus is less favorable （Johns Hopkins University Circular； Baltimore； January； 1887）。 Plato； III； 186Jowett； I； 556。
The second great note in Greek medicine illustrates the directness with which they went to the very heart of the matter。 Out of mysticism； superstition and religious ritual the Greek went directly to nature and was the first to grasp the conception of medicine as an art based on accurate observation； and an integral part
