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第415节

04道德经英译本85种-第415节

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 〃to do without ado〃 or 〃to act without acting〃 (viz。; without posing); were it not for the fact that the moral element is uppermost in Lao…tze's mind。 He denounces the vanity of self…display and egotism; and so we believe that wei wu wei is best rendered by 〃acting with non…assertion。〃 The meaning is clear through the context; and there is no need of interpreting Lao…tze's words either in a mystical or a quietist sense。

  There are three negatives in Chinese: pu; 〃not;〃 the simple negation; wu; 〃lacking in; non…existent; without〃; and fei; 〃by no means。〃 Though we can not lay down a general rule about their distinctions; there are different shades of meaning according to the context which we have tried to bring out in our English version。 Sometimes the meaning of the negated word; or the ironic sense in which it is used; influences the negative。 In Chapter 49 pu shan; 〃ungoodness〃; means 〃evil;〃 but in Chapter 38; pu teh; 〃unvirtue;〃 means that higher virtue which makes no show and does not even assume the name。 In Chapter 57 wu shi; 〃non…diplomacy;〃 is that higher mode of statesmanship with which a good ruler will unostentatiously govern the empire。 On the other hand Lao…tze speaks of both fei tao; i。 e。; 〃lack of reason〃 or 〃anti…reason〃 (Chapter 53) and pu tao (Chapters 30 and 55) 〃unreason;〃 which soon ceases; while 〃the reason that can be reasoned〃 (tao ko tao) is declared to be 〃by no means the eternal Reason (fei ch慳ng tao)。〃

  The term wu; 〃non…existence〃 (Chapter 40); is not annihilation but denotes absence of concrete particularity or of materiality。 It is intended to describe what we would call the purely formal; including purely formal thought; viz。; the prototypes of things as well as ideals。 Materiality makes things real but non…materiality; as set forth in Chapter 11; while giving shape to things by cutting away certain portions; renders them useful。

  Lao…tze's appreciation of oneness is to be expected of a philosopher of the Tao; of Divine Reason。 He speaks of oneness 15 as giving character to things that are units (Chapter 39) and unity cannot be disintegrated (Chapter 10)。

  Lao…tze's reference to trinity as begetting all things (Chapter 42) is; to say the least。 curious; perhaps profound; and Christians will also be interested in the idea that the Son of Heaven as the High Priest of the people must bear the sins of mankind (Chapter 78)。

  Lao…tze's style is characterized by paradox as in 〃do without ado〃 (commonly translated 〃act with non…assertion〃 as in Chapters 2; 3; 10; etc。); 〃know the unknowable;〃 〃be sick of sickness〃 (Chapter 71); 〃practice non…practice;〃 〃taste the tasteless〃 (Chapter 63); 〃marching without marching〃 (Chapter 69)。 Similarly the phrases 〃the form of the formless〃 and 〃the image of the imageless〃 (Chapter 14) etc。 are used to describe what Kant calls 〃pure form;〃 i。 e。; non…material or ideal forms such as geometrical figures; and which corresponds to the Buddhist term arupo; 〃the formless;〃 in the sense of 〃the bodiless。〃

  Undoubtedly the best sayings of Lao…tze are: 〃Requite hatred with goodness〃 (Chapter 63); and 〃The good I meet with goodness; the bad I also meet with goodness 。 。 。 。 The faithful I meet with faith; the faithless I also meet with faith〃 (Chapter 49)。

  Other remarkable ideas of Lao…tze are his preference for simplicity (Chapters 17; 28; 37; 57); for purity (Chapter 45); for emptiness (Chapters 3; 4; 5); for rest and peace (Chapter 31); for silence (Chapters 2; 23; 43; 56); for tenderness (Chapters 52; 76; 78); especially the tenderness of water (Chapter 78); for weakness (Chapters 36; 40) for compassion (Chapter 67); for lowliness or humility (Chapter 61); for thrift (Chapter 59); for returning home to the Tao (Chapters 25; 40); for spontaneity or lack of effort (Chapter 6); etc。

  He is against restrictions and prohibitions as producing disorder (Chapter 57); against ostentation (Chapter 58); against learnedness as unwisdom (Chapter 81)。 He believes that the Tao when sought is found (Chapter 62); and he praises the state of a little child (Chapters 10; 28; 55)。 He compares himself to a babe (Chapter 20) and calls himself the child or son of the Tao and the Tao his mother (Chapter 52); on the other hand the sage looks upon the people as children (Chapter 49)。

  Heaven's impartiality (Chapter 79) which shows no preference to favorites is expected of the sage by Lao…tze who praises the emptiness of heaven (Chapter 5); the lowliness of the valley (Chapters 32; 39; 41; 66); and the stretching of the bow which brings down the high and raises the low (Chapter 77); etc。

  Though the Tao; being an abstract philosophical principle; seems to leave no room for a belief in God; Lao…tze refers repeatedly to God; first identifying God with Reason as 〃the arch…father of the ten thousand things;〃 (Chapter 4); and then he speaks of Reason as preceding even 〃the Lord〃 (Chapter 4)。 In Chapter 70 he calls the Tao 〃the ancestor of words〃 and 〃the master of deeds〃 which also personifies Reason。 The passage where he speaks of 〃the father of the doctrine〃 (Chapter 42) may be doubtful; for the commentators explain it to mean 〃the foundation of the doctrine〃; but the idea of calling the Tao the father of truth is not contrary to Lao…tze's thought; for he speaks of the Tao twice as the 〃mother〃 (Chapters 20 and 52) and once as 〃the world's mother〃 (Chapter 52)。 In Chapter 74; when referring to divine justice cutting short the lives of men; the Tao is compared to 〃the great carpenter who hews。〃 All these passages are figures of speech; but are not the Christian ideas of God as a Lord; as a father; as an architect (as the Freemasons have it); also allegories? 




  1

  Reason's Realization

  The Reason that can be reasoned is not the eternal Reason。 The name that can be named is not the eternal Name。 The Unnamable is of heaven and earth the beginning。 The Namable becomes of the ten thousand things the mother。

  Therefore it is said:

  〃He who desireless is found
  The spiritual of the world will sound。
  But he who by desire is bound
  Sees the mere shell of things around。〃

  These two things are the same in source but different in name。 Their sameness is called a mystery。 Indeed; it is the mystery of mysteries。 Of all spirituality it is the door。

  2

  Self…Culture

  Everywhere it is obvious that if beauty makes a display of beauty; it is sheer ugliness。 It is obvious that if goodness makes a display of goodness; it is sheer badness。 For

  〃To be and not to be are mutually conditioned。
  The difficult; the easy; are mutually definitioned。
  The long; the short; are mutually exhibitioned。
  Above; below; are mutually cognitioned。
  The sound; the voice; are mutually coalitioned。
  Before and after are mutually positioned。〃

  Therefore

  The holy man abides by non…assertion in his affairs and conveys by silence his instruction。 When the ten thousand things arise; verily; he refuses them not。 He quickens but owns not。 He acts but claims not。 Merit he accomplishes; but he does not dwell on it。

  〃Since he does not dwell on it
  It will never leave him。〃

  3

  Keeping the People Quiet

  Not boasting of one's worth forestalls people's envy。

  Not prizing treasures difficult to obtain keeps people from committing theft。

  Not contemplating what kindles desire keeps the heart unconfused。

  Therefore the holy man when he governs empties the people's hearts but fills their stomachs。 He weakens their ambition but strengthens their bones。 Always he keeps the people unsophisticated and without desire。 He causes that the crafty do not dare to act。 When he acts with non…assertion there is nothing ungoverned。

  4

  Sourceless

  Reason is empty; but its use is inexhaustible。 In its profundity; verily; it resembleth the arch…father of the ten thousand things。

  〃It will blunt its own sharpness;
  Will its tangles adjust;
  It will dim its own radiance
  And be one with its dust。〃

  Oh; how calm it seems to remain! I know not whose son it is。 Apparently even the Lord it precedes。

  5

  The Function of Emptiness

  But for heaven and earth's humaneness; the ten thousand things are straw dogs。 But for the holy man's humaneness; the hundred families are straw dogs。

  Is not the space between heaven and earth like unto a bellows? It is empty; yet it collapses not。 It moves; and more and more comes forth。'But'

  〃How soon exhausted is
  A gossip's fulsome talk!
  And should we not prefer
  On the middle path to walk?〃

  6

  The Completion of Form

  〃The valley spirit not expires;
  Mysterious woman 抰is called by the sires。
  The mysterious woman's door; to boot;
  Is called of heaven and earth the root。
  Forever and aye it seems to endure
  And its use is without effort sure。〃

  7

  Dimming Radiance

  Heaven endures and earth is lasting。 And why can heaven and earth endure and be lasting? Because they do not live for themselves。 On that account can they endure。

  Therefore

  The holy man puts his person behind and his person comes

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