19-on the duty of civil disobedience-第2节

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〃so　long　as　the　interest　of　the　whole　society　requires　it；　that　is；

so　long　as　the　established　government　cannot　be　resisted　or　changed

without　public　inconveniency；　it　is　the　will　of　God。。。　that　the

established　government　be　obeyed；　and　no　longer。。。。　　This　principle

being　admitted；　the　justice　of　every　particular　case　of　resistance

is　reduced　to　a　computation　of　the　quantity　of　the　danger　and

grievance　on　the　one　side；　and　of　the　probability　and　expense　of

redressing　it　on　the　other。〃　　Of　this；　he　says；　every　man　shall

judge　for　himself。　　But　Paley　appears　never　to　have　contemplated

those　cases　to　which　the　rule　of　expediency　does　not　apply；　in　which

a　people；　as　well　as　an　individual；　must　do　justice；　cost　what　it

may。　　If　I　have　unjustly　wrested　a　plank　from　a　drowning　man；　I　must

restore　it　to　him　though　I　drown　myself。　　This；　according　to　Paley；

would　be　inconvenient。　　But　he　that　would　save　his　life；　in　such　a

case；　shall　lose　it。　　This　people　must　cease　to　hold　slaves；　and　to

make　war　on　Mexico；　though　it　cost　them　their　existence　as　a　people。

　　　　In　their　practice；　nations　agree　with　Paley；　but　does　any　one

think　that　Massachusetts　does　exactly　what　is　right　at　the　present

crisis？



　　〃A　drab　of　state；　a　cloth…o'…silver　slut；

　　　To　have　her　train　borne　up；　and　her　soul　trail　in　the　dirt。〃



Practically　speaking；　the　opponents　to　a　reform　in　Massachusetts　are

not　a　hundred　thousand　politicians　at　the　South；　but　a　hundred

thousand　merchants　and　farmers　here；　who　are　more　interested　in

commerce　and　agriculture　than　they　are　in　humanity；　and　are　not

prepared　to　do　justice　to　the　slave　and　to　Mexico；　cost　what　it　may。

I　quarrel　not　with　far…off　foes；　but　with　those　who；　near　at　home；

co…operate　with；　and　do　the　bidding　of　those　far　away；　and　without

whom　the　latter　would　be　harmless。　　We　are　accustomed　to　say；　that

the　mass　of　men　are　unprepared；　but　improvement　is　slow；　because　the

few　are　not　materially　wiser　or　better　than　the　many。　　It　is　not　so

important　that　many　should　be　as　good　as　you；　as　that　there　be　some

absolute　goodness　somewhere；　for　that　will　leaven　the　whole　lump。

There　are　thousands　who　are　in　opinion　opposed　to　slavery　and　to　the

war；　who　yet　in　effect　do　nothing　to　put　an　end　to　them；　who；

esteeming　themselves　children　of　Washington　and　Franklin；　sit　down

with　their　hands　in　their　pockets；　and　say　that　they　know　not　what

to　do；　and　do　nothing；　who　even　postpone　the　question　of　freedom　to

the　question　of　free…trade；　and　quietly　read　the　prices…current

along　with　the　latest　advices　from　Mexico；　after　dinner；　and；　it　may

be；　fall　asleep　over　them　both。　　What　is　the　price…current　of　an

honest　man　and　patriot　to…day？　　They　hesitate；　and　they　regret；　and

sometimes　they　petition；　but　they　do　nothing　in　earnest　and　with

effect。　　They　will　wait；　well　disposed；　for　others　to　remedy　the

evil；　that　they　may　no　longer　have　it　to　regret。　　At　most；　they　give

only　a　cheap　vote；　and　a　feeble　countenance　and　Godspeed；　to　the

right；　as　it　goes　by　them。　　There　are　nine　hundred　and　ninety…nine

patrons　of　virtue　to　one　virtuous　man；　but　it　is　easier　to　deal

with　the　real　possessor　of　a　thing　than　with　the　temporary　guardian

of　it。

　　　　All　voting　is　a　sort　of　gaming；　like　checkers　or　backgammon；

with　a　slight　moral　tinge　to　it；　a　playing　with　right　and　wrong；

with　moral　questions；　and　betting　naturally　accompanies　it。　　The

character　of　the　voters　is　not　staked。　　I　cast　my　vote；　perchance；

as　I　think　right；　but　I　am　not　vitally　concerned　that　that　right

should　prevail。　　I　am　willing　to　leave　it　to　the　majority。　　Its

obligation；　therefore；　never　exceeds　that　of　expediency。　　Even

voting　for　the　right　is　doing　nothing　for　it。　　It　is　only　expressing

to　men　feebly　your　desire　that　it　should　prevail。　　A　wise　man　will

not　leave　the　right　to　the　mercy　of　chance；　nor　wish　it　to　prevail

through　the　power　of　the　majority。　　There　is　but　little　virtue　in

the　action　of　masses　of　men。　　When　the　majority　shall　at　length　vote

for　the　abolition　of　slavery；　it　will　be　because　they　are

indifferent　to　slavery；　or　because　there　is　but　little　slavery　left

to　be　abolished　by　their　vote。　　They　will　then　be　the　only　slaves。

Only　his　vote　can　hasten　the　abolition　of　slavery　who　asserts　his

own　freedom　by　his　vote。

　　　　I　hear　of　a　convention　to　be　held　at　Baltimore；　or　elsewhere；

for　the　selection　of　a　candidate　for　the　Presidency；　made　up　chiefly

of　editors；　and　men　who　are　politicians　by　profession；　but　I　think；

what　is　it　to　any　independent；　intelligent；　and　respectable　man　what

decision　they　may　come　to？　　Shall　we　not　have　the　advantage　of　his

wisdom　and　honesty；　nevertheless？　　Can　we　not　count　upon　some

independent　votes？　　Are　there　not　many　individuals　in　the　country

who　do　not　attend　conventions？　　But　no：　I　find　that　the　respectable

man；　so　called；　has　immediately　drifted　from　his　position；　and

despairs　of　his　country；　when　his　country　has　more　reason　to　despair

of　him。　　He　forthwith　adopts　one　of　the　candidates　thus　selected　as

the　only　available　one；　thus　proving　that　he　is　himself　available

for　any　purposes　of　the　demagogue。　　His　vote　is　of　no　more　worth

than　that　of　any　unprincipled　foreigner　or　hireling　native；　who　may

have　been　bought。　　Oh　for　a　man　who　is　a　man；　and；　as　my　neighbor

says；　has　a　bone　in　his　back　which　you　cannot　pass　your　hand

through！　　Our　statistics　are　at　fault：　the　population　has　been

returned　too　large。　　How　many　men　are　there　to　a　square　thousand

miles　in　this　country？　　Hardly　one。　　Does　not　America　offer　any

inducement　for　men　to　settle　here？　　The　American　has　dwindled　into

an　Odd　Fellow　　one　who　may　be　known　by　the　development　of　his

organ　of　gregariousness；　and　a　manifest　lack　of　intellect　and

cheerful　self…reliance；　whose　first　and　chief　concern；　on　coming

into　the　world；　is　to　see　that　the　almshouses　are　in　good　repair；

and；　before　yet　he　has　lawfully　donned　the　virile　garb；　to　collect　a

fund　for　the　support　of　the　widows　and　orphans　that　may　be；　who；　in

short　ventures　to　live　only　by　the　aid　of　the　Mutual　Insurance

company；　which　has　promised　to　bury　him　decently。

　　　　It　is　not　a　man's　duty；　as　a　matter　of　course；　to　devote　himself

to　the　eradication　of　any；　even　the　most　enormous　wrong；　he　may

still　properly　have　other　concerns　to　engage　him；　but　it　is　his

duty；　at　least；　to　wash　his　hands　of　it；　and；　if　he　gives　it　no

thought　longer；　not　to　give　it　practically　his　support。　　If　I　devote

myself　to　other　pursuits　and　contemplations；　I　must　first　see；　at

least；　that　I　do　not　pursue　them　sitting　upon　another　man's

shoulders。　　I　must　get　off　him　first；　that　he　may　pursue　his

contemplations　too。　　See　what　gross　inconsistency　is　tolerated。　　I

have　heard　some　of　my　townsmen　say；　〃I　should　like　to　have　them

order　me　out　to　help　put　down　an　insurrection　of　the　slaves；　or　to

march　to　Mexico；　　see　if　I　would　go〃；　and　yet　these　very　men　have

each；　directly　by　their　allegiance；　and　so　indirectly；　at　least；　by

their　money；　furnished　a　substitute。　　The　soldier　is　applauded　who

refuses　to　serve　in　an　unjust　war　by　those　who　do　not　refuse　to

sustain　the　unjust　government　which　makes　the　war；　is　applauded　by

those　whose　own　act　and　authority　he　disregards　and　sets　at　naught；

as　if　the　state　were　penitent　to　that　degree　that　it　hired　one　to

scourge　it　while　it　sinned；　but　not　to　that　degree　that　it　left　off

sinning　for　a　moment。　　Thus；　under　the　name　of　Order　and　Civil

Government；　we　are　all　made　at　last　to　pay　homage　to　and　support　our

own　meanness。　　After　the　first　blush　of　sin　comes　its　indifference；

and　from　immoral　it　becomes；　as　it　were；　unmoral；　and　not　quite

unnecessary　to　that　life　which　we　have　made。

　　　　The　broadest　and　most　prevalent　error　requires　the　most

disinterested　virtue　to　sustain　it。　　The　slight　reproach　to　which

the　virtue　of　patriotism　is　commonly　liable；　the　noble　are　most

likely　to　incur。　　Those　who；　while　they　disapprove　of　the　character

and　measures　of　a　government；　yield　to　it　their　allegiance　and

support　are　undoubtedly　its　most　conscientious　supporters；　and　so

frequently　the　most　serious　obstacles　to　reform。　　Some　are

petitioning　the　State　to　dissolve　the　Union；　to　disregard　the

requisitions　of　the　President。　　Why　do　they　not　dissolve　it

themselves　　the　union　between　themselves　and　the　State　　and

refuse　to　pay　their　quota　into　its　treasury？　　Do　not　they　stand　in

the　same　relation　to　the　State；　that　the　State　does　to　the　Union？

And　have　not　the　same　reasons　prevented　the　State　from　resisting　the

Union；　which　have　prevented　them　from　resisting　the　State？

　　　　How　can　a　man　be　satisfied　to　entertain　an　opinion　merely；　and

enjoy　it？　　Is　there　any　enjoyment　in　it；　if　his　opinion　is　that　he

is　aggrieved？　　If　you　are　cheated　out　of　a　single　dollar　by　your

neighbor；　you　do　not　rest　satisfied　with　knowing　that　you　are

cheated；　or　with　saying　that　you　are　cheated；　or　even　with

petitioning　him　to　pay　you　your　due；　b