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on many particular questions of dynamics and physics。  When he 

returned from Glasgow to Birkenhead a correspondence commenced 

between us; which was continued without intermission up to the last 

days of his life。  It commenced with a well…sustained fire of 

letters on each side about the physical qualities of submarine 

cables; and the practical results attainable in the way of rapid 

signalling through them。  Jenkin used excellently the valuable 

opportunities for experiment allowed him by Newall; and his partner 

Lewis Gordon; at their Birkenhead factory。  Thus he began definite 

scientific investigation of the copper resistance of the conductor; 

and the insulating resistance and specific inductive capacity of 

its gutta…percha coating; in the factory; in various stages of 

manufacture; and he was the very first to introduce systematically 

into practice the grand system of absolute measurement founded in 

Germany by Gauss and Weber。  The immense value of this step; if 

only in respect to the electric telegraph; is amply appreciated by 

all who remember or who have read something of the history of 

submarine telegraphy; but it can scarcely be known generally how 

much it is due to Jenkin。



Looking to the article 'Telegraph (Electric)' in the last volume of 

the old edition of the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica;' which was 

published about the year 1861; we find on record that Jenkin's 

measurements in absolute units of the specific resistance of pure 

gutta…percha; and of the gutta…percha with Chatterton's compound 

constituting the insulation of the Red Sea cable of 1859; are given 

as the only results in the way of absolute measurements of the 

electric resistance of an insulating material which had then been 

made。  These remarks are prefaced in the 'Encyclopaedia' article by 

the following statement:  'No telegraphic testing ought in future 

to be accepted in any department of telegraphic business which has 

not this definite character; although it is only within the last 

year that convenient instruments for working; in absolute measure; 

have been introduced at all; and the whole system of absolute 

measure is still almost unknown to practical electricians。'



A particular result of great importance in respect to testing is 

referred to as follows in the 'Encyclopaedia' article:  'The 

importance of having results thus stated in absolute measure is 

illustrated by the circumstance; that the writer has been able at 

once to compare them; in the manner stated in a preceding 

paragraph; with his own previous deductions from the testings of 

the Atlantic cable during its manufacture in 1857; and with Weber's 

measurements of the specific resistance of copper。'  It has now 

become universally adapted … first of all in England; twenty…two 

years later by Germany; the country of its birth; and by France and 

Italy; and all the other countries of Europe and America … 

practically the whole scientific world … at the Electrical Congress 

in Paris in the years 1882 and 1884。



An important paper of thirty quarto pages published in the 

'Transactions of the Royal Society' for June 19; 1862; under the 

title 'Experimental Researches on the Transmission of Electric 

Signals through submarine cables; Part I。  Laws of Transmission 

through various lengths of one cable; by Fleeming Jenkin; Esq。; 

communicated by C。 Wheatstone; Esq。; F。R。S。;' contains an account 

of a large part of Jenkin's experimental work in the Birkenhead 

factory during the years 1859 and 1860。  This paper is called Part 

I。  Part II。 alas never appeared; but something that it would have 

included we can see from the following ominous statement which I 

find near the end of Part I。:  'From this value; the 

electrostatical capacity per unit of length and the specific 

inductive capacity of the dielectric; could be determined。  These 

points will; however; be more fully treated of in the second part 

of this paper。'  Jenkin had in fact made a determination at 

Birkenhead of the specific inductive capacity of gutta…percha; or 

of the gutta…percha and Chatterton's compound constituting the 

insulation of the cable; on which he experimented。  This was the 

very first true measurement of the specific inductive capacity of a 

dielectric which had been made after the discovery by Faraday of 

the existence of the property; and his primitive measurement of it 

for the three substances; glass; shellac; and sulphur; and at the 

time when Jenkin made his measurements the existence of specific 

inductive capacity was either unknown; or ignored; or denied; by 

almost all the scientific authorities of the day。



The original determination of the microfarad; brought out under the 

auspices of the British Association Committee on Electrical 

Standards; is due to experimental work by Jenkin; described in a 

paper; 'Experiments on Capacity;' constituting No。 IV。 of the 

appendix to the Report presented by the Committee to the Dundee 

Meeting of 1867。  No other determination; so far as I know; of this 

important element of electric measurement has hitherto been made; 

and it is no small thing to be proud of in respect to Jenkin's fame 

as a scientific and practical electrician that the microfarad which 

we now all use is his。



The British Association unit of electrical resistance; on which was 

founded the first practical approximation to absolute measurement 

on the system of Gauss and Weber; was largely due to Jenkin's zeal 

as one of the originators; and persevering energy as a working 

member; of the first Electrical Standards Committee。  The 

experimental work of first making practical standards; founded on 

the absolute system; which led to the unit now known as the British 

Association ohm; was chiefly performed by Clerk Maxwell and Jenkin。  

The realisation of the great practical benefit which has resulted 

from the experimental and scientific work of the Committee is 

certainly in a large measure due to Jenkin's zeal and perseverance 

as secretary; and as editor of the volume of Collected Reports of 

the work of the Committee; which extended over eight years; from 

1861 till 1869。  The volume of Reports included Jenkin's Cantor 

Lectures of January; 1866; 'On Submarine Telegraphy;' through which 

the practical applications of the scientific principles for which 

he had worked so devotedly for eight years became part of general 

knowledge in the engineering profession。



Jenkin's scientific activity continued without abatement to the 

end。  For the last two years of his life he was much occupied with 

a new mode of electric locomotion; a very remarkable invention of 

his own; to which he gave the name of 'Telpherage。'  He persevered 

with endless ingenuity in carrying out the numerous and difficult 

mechanical arrangements essential to the project; up to the very 

last days of his work in life。  He had completed almost every 

detail of the realisation of the system which was recently opened 

for practical working at Glynde; in Sussex; four months after his 

death。



His book on 'Magnetism and Electricity;' published as one of 

Longman's elementary series in 1873; marked a new departure in the 

exposition of electricity; as the first text…book containing a 

systematic application of the quantitative methods inaugurated by 

the British Association Committee on Electrical Standards。  In 1883 

the seventh edition was published; after there had already appeared 

two foreign editions; one in Italian and the other in German。



His papers on purely engineering subjects; though not numerous; are 

interesting and valuable。  Amongst these may be mentioned the 

article 'Bridges;' written by him for the ninth edition of the 

'Encyclopaedia Britannica;' and afterwards republished as a 

separate treatise in 1876; and a paper 'On the Practical 

Application of Reciprocal Figures to the Calculation of Strains in 

Framework;' read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh; and 

published in the 'Transactions' of that Society in 1869。  But 

perhaps the most important of all is his paper 'On the Application 

of Graphic Methods to the Determination of the Efficiency of 

Machinery;' read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh; and 

published in the 'Transactions;' vol。 xxviii。 (1876…78); for which 

he was awarded the Keith Gold Medal。  This paper was a continuation 

of the subject treated in 'Reulaux's Mechanism;' and; recognising 

the value of that work; supplied the elements required to 

constitute from Reulaux's kinematic system a full machine receiving 

energy and doing work。











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