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Mejnun; The Seven Beauties and The Book of Alexander the Great。 
1258: The Sack of Baghdad。 Hulagu (reigned 1251–1265); the grandson of 
Genghis Khan; conquered Baghdad。 
1300–1922:  The  Ottoman  Empire;  a  Sunni  Muslim  power;  ruled  south…
eastern Europe; the Middle East and North Africa。 At its greatest extent; the 
empire reached the gates of Vienna and Persia。 
1370–1405: Reign of the Turkic ruler Tamerlane。 Subdued the areas that the 
Blacksheep ruled in Persia。 Tamerlane conquered areas from Mongolia to the 
Mediterranean  including  parts  of  Russia;  India;  Afghanistan;  Iran;  Iraq  and 
Anatolia (where he defeated the Ottoman Sultan Bayazid I in 1402)。 
1370–1526:  The  Timurid  Dynasty;  established  by  Tamerlane;  fostered  a 
brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life; and ruled in Persia; central Asia 
and Transoxiana。 The schools of miniature painting at Shiraz; Tabriz and Herat 
flourished  under  the  Timurids。  In  the  early  fifteenth  century  Herat  was  the 
center of painting in the Islamic world and home to the great master Bihzad。 
1375–1467: The Blacksheep; a Turkmen tribal federation; ruled over parts of 
Iraq;  eastern  Anatolia  and  Iran。  Jihan  Shah  (reigned  1438–67);  the  last 
Blacksheep ruler; was defeated by the Whitesheep Tall Hasan in 1467。 
446 
 
1378–1502:  The  Whitesheep  federation  of  Turkmen  tribes  ruled  northern 
Iraq;  Azerbaijan  and  eastern  Anatolia。  Whitesheep  ruler  Tall  Hasan  (reigned 
1452–78)  failed  in  his  attempts  to  contain  the  eastward  expansion  of  the 
Ottomans; but he defeated the Blacksheep Jihan Shah in 1467 and the Timurid 
Abu Said in 1468; extending his dominions to Baghdad; Herat; and the Persian 
Gulf。 
1453: Ottoman Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror took Istanbul。 Demise of 
the  Byzantine  Empire。  Sultan  Mehmet  later  missioned  his  portrait  from 
Bellini。 
1501–1736: The  Safavid  Empire  ruled  in  Persia。  The  establishment  of  Shia 
Islam as the state religion helped unify the empire。 The seat of the empire was 
at first located in Tabriz; then moved to Kazvin; and later; to Isfahan。 The first 
Safavid  ruler;  Shah  Ismail  (reigned  1501–24);  subdued  the  areas  that  the 
Whitesheep ruled in Azerbaijan and Persia。 Persia weakened appreciably during 
the rule of Shah Tahmasp I (reigned 1524–76)。 
1512:  The  Flight  of  Bihzad。  The  great  miniaturist  Bihzad  emigrated  from 
Herat to Tabriz。 
1514:  The  Plunder  of  the  Seven  Heavens  Palace。  The  Ottoman  Sultan 
Selim the Grim; after defeating the Safavid army at Chaldiran; plundered the 
Seven  Heavens  Palace  in  Tabriz。  He  returned  to  Istanbul  with  an  exquisite 
collection of Persian miniatures and books。 
1520–66:  Süleyman  the  Magnificent  and  the  Golden  Age  of  Ottoman 
Culture。 The reign of Ottoman Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent。 Important 
conquests  expanded  the  empire  to  the  east  and  the  west;  including  the  first 
seige of Vienna (1529) and the capture of Baghdad from the Safavids (1535)。 
1556–1605:  Reign  of  Akbar;  Emperor  of  Hindustan;  a  descendant  of 
Tamerlane and Genghis Khan。 He established miniaturists’ workshops in Agra。 
1566–74: The reign of Ottoman Sultan Selim II。 Peace treaties signed with 
Austria and Persia。 
1571:  The  Battle  of  Lepanto。  A  four…hour  naval  battle  between  allied 
Christian  forces  and  the  Ottomans  subsequent  to  the  Ottoman  invasion  of 
Cyprus  (1570)。  Though  the  Ottomans  were  defeated;  Venice  surrendered 
Cyprus  to  the  Ottomans  in  1573。  The  battle  had  great  impact  on  European 
morale and was the subject of paintings by Titian; Tintoretto and Veronese。 
1574–95: The reign of Ottoman Sultan Murat III (during whose rule the 
events of our novel take place)。 His rule witnessed a series of struggles between 
447 
 
1578–90  known  as  the  Ottoman…Safavid  wars。  He  was  the  Ottoman  sultan 
most  interested  in  miniatures  and  books;  and  he  had  the  Book  of  Skills;  the 
Book  of  Festivities  and  the  Book  of  Victories  produced  in  Istanbul。  The  most 
prominent  Ottoman  miniaturists;  including  Osman  the  Miniaturist  (Master 
Osman) and his disciples; contributed to them。 
1576: Shah Tahmasp’s Peace Offering to the Ottomans。 After decades of 
hostility; Safavid Shah Tahmasp made a present to the Ottoman Sultan Selim II 
upon  the  death  of  Süleyman  the  Magnificent  in  an  attempt  to  foster  future 
peace。  Among  the  gifts  sent  to  Edirne  is  an  exceptional  copy  of  the  Book  of 
Kings;  produced  over  a  period  of  twenty…five  years。  The  book  was  later 
transferred to the Treasury in the Topkapi Palace。 
1583: The Persian miniaturist Velijan (Olive); about ten years after ing 
to Istanbul; is missioned to work for the Ottoman court。 
1587–1629: Reign of the Safavid Persian ruler Shah Abbas I; begins with the 
deposition  of  his  father  Muhammad  Khodabandeh。  Shah  Abbas  reduced 
Turkmen  power  in  Persia  by  moving  the  capital  from  Kazvin  to  Isfahan。  He 
made peace with the Ottomans in 1590。 
1591: The Story of Black and the Ottoman Court Painters。 A year before 
the  thousandth  anniversary  (calculated  in  lunar  years)  of  the  Hegira;  Black 
returns to Istanbul from the east; beginning the events recounted in the novel。 
1603–17:  The  reign  of  Ottoman  Sultan  Ahmet  I;  who  destroyed  the  large 
clock with statuary sent to the sultan as a present by Queen Elizabeth I。 
   
448 
 
 
Orhan Pamuk 
MY NAME IS RED 
 
Orhan Pamuk is the author of seven novels and the recipient 
of major Turkish and international literary awards。 
He is one of Europe’s most prominent novelists; and 
his work has been translated into twenty…six languages。 
He lives in Istanbul。 
 
 
a note about the translator 
 
Erda? M。 G?knar is visiting assistant professor of Turkish language 
and culture at Duke University。 He is also writing his first novel。 
 
 
 
 
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