jurassic.park-第1节

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　〃Reptiles　are　abhorrent　because　of　their　cold　body；　pale　color；　cartilaginous　skeleton；　filthy　skin；　fierce　aspect；　calculating　eye；　offensive　smell；　harsh　voice；　squalid　habitation；　and　terrible　venom；　wherefore　their　Creator　has　not　exerted　his　powers　to　make　many　of　them。〃
　
　LINNAEUS；　1797
　
　〃You　cannot　recall　a　new　form　of　life。〃
　
　ERWIN　CHARGAFF；　1972
　
　Introduction
　〃The　InGen　Incident〃
The　late　twentieth　century　has　witnessed　a　scientific　gold　rush　of　astonishing　proportions：　the　headlong　and　furious　haste　to　mercialize　genetic　engineering。　This　enterprise　has　proceeded　so　rapidly…with　so　little　outside　mentary…that　its　dimensions　and　implications　are　hardly　understood　at　all。
　　　　Biotechnology　promises　the　greatest　revolution　in　human　history。　By　the　end　of　this　decade；　it　will　have　outdistanced　atomic　power　and　puters　in　its　effect　on　our　everyday　lives。　In　the　words　of　one　observer；　〃Biotechnology　is　going　to　transform　every　aspect　of　human　life：　our　medical　care；　our　food；　our　health；　our　entertainment；　our　very　bodies。　Nothing　will　ever　be　the　same　again。　It's　literally　going　to　change　the　face　of　the　planet。〃
　　　　But　the　biotechnology　revolution　differs　in　three　important　respects　from　past　scientific　transformations。
　　　　First；　it　is　broad…based。　America　entered　the　atomic　age　through　the　work　of　a　single　research　institution；　at　Los　Alamos。　It　entered　the　puter　age　through　the　efforts　of　about　a　dozen　panies。　But　biotecbnology　research　is　now　carried　out　in　more　than　two　thousand　laboratories　in　America　alone。　Five　hundred　corporations　spend　five　billion　dollars　a　year　on　this　technology。
　　　　Second；　much　of　the　research　is　thoughtless　or　frivolous。　Efforts　to　engineer　paler　trout　for　better　visibility　in　the　stream；　square　trees　for　easier　lumbering；　and　injectable　scent　cells　so　you'll　always　smell　of　your　favorite　perfume　may　seem　like　a　joke；　but　they　are　not。　Indeed；　the　fact　that　biotechnology　can　be　applied　to　the　industries　traditionally　subject　to　the　vagaries　of　fashion；　such　as　cosmetics　and　leisure　activities；　heightens　concern　about　the　whimsical　use　of　this　powerful　new　technology。
　　　　Third；　the　work　is　uncontrolled。　No　one　supervises　it。　No　federal　laws　regulate　it。　There　is　no　coherent　government　policy；　in　America　or　anywhere　else　in　the　world。　And　because　the　products　of　biotechnology　range　from　drugs　to　farm　crops　to　artificial　snow；　an　intelligent　policy　is　difficult。
　　　　But　most　disturbing　is　the　fact　that　no　watchdogs　are　found　among　scientists　themselves。　It　is　remarkable　that　nearly　every　scientist　in　genetics　research　is　also　engaged　in　the　merce　of　biotechnology。　There　are　no　detached　observers。　Everybody　has　a　stake。

The　mercialization　of　molecular　biology　is　the　most　stunning　ethical　event　in　the　history　of　science；　and　it　has　happened　with　astonishing　speed。　For　four　hundred　years　since　Galileo；　science　has　always　proceeded　as　a　free　and　open　inquiry　into　the　workings　of　nature。　Scientists　have　always　ignored　national　boundaries；　holding　themselves　above　the　transitory　concerns　of　politics　and　even　wars。　Scientists　have　always　rebelled　against　secrecy　in　research；　and　have　even　frowned　on　the　idea　of　patenting　their　discoveries；　seeing　themselves　as　working　to　the　benefit　of　all　mankind。　And　for　many　generations；　the　discoveries　of　scientists　did　indeed　have　a　peculiarly　selfless　quality。
　　　　When；　in　1953；　two　young　researchers　in　England；　James　Watson　and　Francis　Crick；　deciphered　the　structure　of　DNA；　their　work　was　bailed　as　a　triumph　of　the　human　spirit；　of　the　centuries…old　quest　to　understand　the　universe　in　a　scientific　way。　It　was　confidently　expected　that　their　discovery　would　be　selflessly　extended　to　the　greater　benefit　of　mankind。
　　　　Yet　that　did　not　happen。　Thirty　years　later；　nearly　all　of　Watson　and　Crick's　scientific　colleagues　were　engaged　in　another　sort　of　enterprise　entirely。　Research　in　molecular　genetics　had　bee　a　vast；　multibillion　dollar　mercial　undertaking；　and　its　origins　can　be　traced　not　to　1953　but　to　April　1976。
　　　　That　was　the　date　of　a　now　famous　meeting；　in　which　Robert　Swanson；　a　venture　capitalist；　approached　Herbert　Boyer；　a　biochemist　at　the　University　of　California。　The　two　men　agreed　to　found　a　mercial　pany　to　exploit　Boyer's　gene…splicing　techniques。　Their　new　pany；　Genentech；　quickly　became　the　largest　and　most　successful　of　the　genetic　engineering　start…ups。
　　　　Suddenly　it　seemed　as　if　everyone　wanted　to　bee　rich。　New　panies　were　announced　almost　weekly；　and　scientists　flocked　to　exploit　genetic　research。　By　1986；　at　least　362　scientists；　including　64　in　the　National　Academy；　sat　on　the　advisory　boards　of　biotech　firms。　The　number　of　those　who　held　equity　positions　or　consultancies　was　several　times　greater。
　　　　It　is　necessary　to　emphasize　how　significant　this　shift　in　attitude　actually　was。　In　the　past；　pure　scientists　took　a　snobbish　view　of　business。　They　saw　the　pursuit　of　money　as　intellectually　uninteresting；　suited　only　to　shopkeepers。　And　to　do　research　for　industry；　even　at　the　prestigious　Bell　or　IBM　labs；　was　only　for　those　who　couldn't　get　a　university　appointment。　Thus　the　attitude　of　pure　scientists　was　fundamentally　critical　toward　the　work　of　applied　scientists；　and　to　industry　in　general。　Their　long…standing　antagonism　kept　university　scientists　free　of　contaminating　industry　ties；　and　whenever　debate　arose　about　technological　matters；　disinterested　scientists　were　available　to　discuss　the　issues　at　the　highest　levels。
　　　　But　that　is　no　longer　true。　There　are　very　few　molecular　biologists　and　very　few　research　institutions　without　mercial　affiliations。　The　old　days　are　gone。　Genetic　research　continues；　at　a　more　furious　pace　than　ever。　But　it　is　done　in　secret；　and　in　haste；　and　for　profit。

In　this　mercial　climate；　it　is　probably　inevitable　that　a　pany　as　ambitious　as　International　Genetic　Technologies；　Inc。；　of　Palo　Alto；　would　arise。　It　is　equally　unsurprising　that　the　genetic　crisis　it　created　should　go　unreported。　After　all；　InGen's　research　was　conducted　in　secret；　the　actual　incident　occurred　in　the　most　remote　region　of　Central　America；　and　fewer　than　twenty　people　were　there　to　witness　it。　Of　those；　only　a　handful　survived。
　　　　Even　at　the　end；　when　International　Genetic　Technologies　filed　for　Chapter　11　protection　in　San　Francisco　Superior　Court　on　October　5；　1989；　the　proceedings　drew　little　press　attention。　It　appeared　so　ordinary：　InGen　was　the　third　small　American　bioengineering　pany　to　fail　that　year；　and　the　seventh　since　1986。　Few　court　documents　were　made　public；　since　the　creditors　were　Japanese　investment　consortia；　such　as　Hamaguri　and　Densaka；　panies　which　traditionally　shun　publicity。　To　avoid　unnecessary　disclosure；　Daniel　Ross；　of　Cowan；　Swain　and　Ross；　counsel　for　InGen；　also　represented　the　Japanese　investors。　And　the　rather　unusual　petition　of　the　vice　consul　of　Costa　Rica　was　heard　behind　closed　doors。　Thus　it　is　not　surprising　that；　within　a　month；　the　problems　of　InGen　were　quietly　and　amicably　settled。
　　　　Parties　to　that　settlement；　including　the　distinguished　scientific　board　of　advisers；　signed　a　nondisclosure　agreement；　and　none　will　speak　about　what　happened…but　many　of　the　principal　figures　in　the　〃InGen　incident〃　are　not　signatories；　and　were　willing　to　discuss　the　remarkable　events　leading　up　to　those　final　two　days　in　August　1989　on　a　remote　island　off　the　west　coast　of　Costa　Rica。

JURASSIC　PARK

Prologue：
The　Bite　of　the　Raptor

The　tropical　rain　fell　in　drenching　sheets；　hammering　the　corrugated　roof　of　the　clinic　building；　roaring　down　the　metal　gutters；　splashing　on　the　ground　in　a　torrent。　Roberta　Carter　sighed；　and　stared　out　the　window。　From　the　clinic；　she　could　hardly　see　the　beach　or　the　ocean　beyond；　cloaked　in　low　fog。　This　wasn't　what　she　had　expected　when　she　had　e　to　the　fishing　village　of　Bahía　Anasco；　on　the　west　coast　of　Costa　Rica；　to　spend　two　months　as　a　visiting　physician。　Bobbie　Carter　had　expected　sun　and　relaxation；　after　two　grueling　years　of　residency　in　emergency　medicine　at　Michael　Reese　in　Chicago。
　　　　She　had　been　in　Bahía　Anasco　now　for　three　weeks。　And　it　had　rained　every　day。
　　　　Everything　else　was　fine。　She　liked　the　isolation　of　Bahía　Anasco；　and　the　friendliness　of　its　people。　Costa　Rica　had　one　of　the　twenty　best　medical　systems　in　the　world；　and　even　in　this　remote　coastal　village；　the　clinic　was　well　maintained；　amply　supplied。　Her　paramedic；　Manuel　Arag6n；　was　intelligent　and　well　trained。　Bobbie　was　able　to　practice　a　level　of　medicine　equal　to　what　she　had　practiced　in　Chicago。
　　　　But　the　rain！　The　constant；　unending　rain！
　　　　Across　the　examining　room；　Manuel　cocked　his　head。　〃Listen；〃　he　said。
　　　　〃Believe　me；　I　hear　it；〃　Bobbie　said。
　　　　〃No。　Listen。〃
　　　　And　then　she　caught　it；　another　sound　blended　with　the　rain；　a　deeper　rumble　that　built　and　emerged　until　it　was　clear：　the　rhythmic　thumping　of　a　helicopter。　She　thought；　They　can't　be　flying　in　weather　like　this。
　　　　But　the　sound　built　steadily；　and　then　the　helicopter　burst　low　through　the　ocean　fog　and　roared　overhead；　circled；　and　came　back。　She　saw　the　helicopter　swing　back　over　the　water；　near　the　fishing　boats；　then