the malay archipelago-2-第66节

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ble　in　their　search　after　game；　fish；　tripang；　pearls；　and　tortoiseshell。

In　the　great　island　of　Ceram　there　is　also　an　indigenous　race　very　similar　to　that　of　Northern　Gilolo。　Bourn　seems　to　contain　two　distinct　races；a　shorter；　round…faced　people；　with　a　Malay　physiognomy；　who　may　probably　have　come　from　Celebes　by　way　of　the　Sula　islands；　and　a　taller　bearded　race；　resembling　that　of　Ceram。

Far　south　of　the　Moluccas　lies　the　island　of　Timor；　inhabited　by　tribes　much　nearer　to　the　true　Papuan　than　those　of　the　Moluccas。

The　Timorese　of　the　interior　are　dusky　brown　or　blackish；　with　bushy　frizzled　hair；　and　the　long　Papuan　nose。　They　are　of　medium　height；　and　rather　slender　figures。　The　universal　dress　is　a　long　cloth　twisted　round　the　waist；　the　fringed　ends　of　which　hang　below　the　knee。　The　people　are　said　to　be　great　thieves；　and　the　tribes　are　always　at　war　with　each　other；　but　they　are　not　very　courageous　or　bloodthirsty。　The　custom　of　〃tabu；〃　called　here　〃pomali；〃　is　very　general；　fruit　trees；　houses；　crop；　and　property　of　all　kinds　being　protected　from　depredation　by　this　ceremony；　the　reverence　for　which　is　very　great。　A　palm　branch　stuck　across　an　open　door；　showing　that　the　house　is　tabooed；　is　a　more　effectual　guard　against　robbery　than　any　amount　of　locks　and　bars。　The　houses　in　Timor　are　different　from　those　of　most　of　the　other　islands；　they　seem　all　roof；　the　thatch　overhanging　the　low　walls　and　reaching　the　ground；　except　where　it　is　cut　away　for　an　entrance。　In　some　parts　of　the　west　end　of　Timor；　and　on　the　little　island　of　Semau；　the　houses　more　resemble　those　of　the　Hottentots；　being　egg…shaped；　very　small；　and　with　a　door　only　about　three　feet　high。　These　are　built　on　the　ground；　while　those　of　the　eastern　districts　art；　raised　a　few　feet　on　posts。　In　their　excitable　disposition；　loud　voices；　and　fearless　demeanour；　the　Timorese　closely　resemble　the　people　of　New　Guinea。

In　the　islands　west　of　Timor；　as　far　as　Flores　and　Sandalwood　Island；　a　very　similar　race　is　found；　which　also　extends　eastward　to　Timor…laut；　where　the　true　Papuan　race　begins　to　appear。　The　small　islands　of　Savu　and　Rotti；　however；　to　the　west　of　Timor；　are　very　remarkable　in　possessing　a　different　and；　in　some　respects；　peculiar　race。　These　people　are　very　handsome；　with　good　features；　resembling　in　many　characteristics　the　race　produced　by　the　mixture　of　the　Hindoo　or　Arab　with　the　Malay。　They　are　certainly　distinct　from　the　Timorese　or　Papuan　races；　and　must　be　classed　in　the　western　rather　than　the　eastern　ethnological　division　of　the　Archipelago。

The　whole　of　the　great　island　of　New　Guinea；　the　Ke　arid　Aru　Islands；　with　Mysol；　Salwatty；　and　Waigiou；　are　inhabited　almost　exclusively　by　the　typical　Papuans。　I　found　no　trace　of　any　other　tribes　inhabiting　the　interior　of　New　Guinea；　but　the　coast　people　are　in　some　places　mixed　with　the　browner　races　of　the　Moluccas。　The　same　Papuan　race　seems　to　extend　over　the　islands　east　of　New　Guinea　as　far　as　the　Fijis。

There　remain　to　be　noticed　the　black　woolly…haired　races　of　the　Philippines　and　the　Malay　peninsula；　the　former　called　〃Negritos；〃　and　the　latter　〃Semangs。〃　I　have　never　seen　these　people　myself；　but　from　the　numerous　accurate　descriptions　of　them　that　have　been　published；　I　have　had　no　difficulty　in　satisfying　myself　that　they　have　little　affinity　or　resemblance　to　the　Papuans；　with　which　they　have　been　hitherto　associated。　In　most　important　characters　they　differ　more　from　the　Papuan　than　they　do　from　the　Malay。　They　are　dwarfs　in　stature；　only　averaging　four　feet　six　inches　to　four　feet　eight　inches　high；　or　eight　inches　less　than　the　Malays；　whereas　the　Papuans　are　decidedly　taller　than　the　…Malays。　The　nose　is　invariably　represented　as　small；　flattened；　or　turned　up　at　the　apex；　whereas　the　most　universal　character　of　the　Papuan　race　is　to　have　the　nose　prominent　and　large；　with　the　apex　produced　downwards；　as　it　is　invariably　represented　in　their　own　rude　idols。　The　hair　of　these　dwarfish　races　agrees　with　that　of　the　Papuans；　but　so　it　does　with　that　of　the　negroes　of　Africa。　The　Negritos　and　the　Semangs　agree　very　closely　in　physical　characteristics　with　each　other　and　with　the　Andaman　Islanders；　while　they　differ　in　a　marked　manner　from　every　Papuan　race。

A　careful　study　of　these　varied　races；　comparing　them　with　those　of　Eastern　Asia；　the　Pacific　Islands；　and　Australia；　has　led　me　to　adopt　a　comparatively　simple　view　as　to　their　origin　and　affinities。

If　we　draw　a　line　（see　Physical　Map；　Vol。　1。　p。　14）；　commencing　to　the　east　of　the　Philippine　Islands；　thence　along　the　western　coast　of　Gilolo；　through　the　island　of　Bouru；　and　curving　round　the　west　end　of　Mores；　then　bending　back　by　Sandalwood　Island　to　take　in　Rotti；　we　shall　divide　the　Archipelago　into　two　portions；　the　races　of　which　have　strongly　marked　distinctive　peculiarities。　This　line　will　separate　the　Malayan　and　all　the　Asiatic　races；　from　the　Papuans　and　all　that　inhabit　the　Pacific；　and　though　along　the　line　of　junction　intermigration　and　commixture　have　taken　place；　yet　the　division　is　on　the　whole　almost　as　well　defined　and　strongly　contrasted；　as　is　the　corresponding　zoological　division　of　the　Archipelago；　into　an　Indo…Malayan　and　Austro…Malayan　region。

I　must　briefly　explain　the　reasons　that　have　led　me　to　consider　this　division　of　the　Oceanic　races　to　be　a　true　and　natural　one。　The　Malayan　race；　as　a　whole；　undoubtedly　very　closely　resembles　the　East　Asian　populations；　from　Siam　to　Mandchouria。　I　was　much　struck　with　this；　when　in　the　island　of　Bali　I　saw　Chinese　traders　who　had　adopted　the　costume　of　that　country；　and　who　could　then　hardly　be　distinguished　from　Malays；　and；　on　the　other　hand；　I　have　seen　natives　of　Java　who；　as　far　as　physiognomy　was　concerned；　would　pass　very　well　for　Chinese。　Then；　again；　we　have　the　most　typical　of　the　Malayan　tribes　inhabiting　a　portion　of　the　Asiatic　continent　itself；　together　with　those　great　islands　which；　possessing　the　same　species　of　large　Mammalia　with　the　adjacent　parts　of　the　continent；　have　in　all　probability　formed　a　connected　portion　of　Asia　during　the　human　period。　The　Negritos　are；　no　doubt；　quite　a　distinct　race　from　the　Malay；　but　yet；　as　some　of　them　inhabit　a　portion　of　the　continent；　and　others　the　Andaman　Islands　in　the　Bay　of　Bengal；　they　must　be　considered　to　have　had；　in　all　probability；　an　Asiatic　rather　than　a　Polynesian　origin。

Now；　turning　to　the　eastern　parts　of　the　Archipelago；　I　find；　by　comparing　my　own　observations　with　those　of　the　most　trustworthy　travellers　and　missionaries；　that　a　race　identical　in　all　its　chief　features　with　the　Papuan；　is　found　in　all　the　islands　as　far　east　as　the　Fijis；　beyond　this　the　brown　Polynesian　race；　or　some　intermediate　type；　is　spread　everywhere　over　the　Pacific。　The　descriptions　of　these　latter　often　agree　exactly　with　the　characters　of　the　brown　indigenes　of　Gilolo　and　Ceram。

It　is　to　be　especially　remarked　that　the　brown　and　the　black　Polynesian　races　closely　resemble　each　other。　Their　features　are　almost　identical；　so　that　portraits　of　a　New　Zealander　or　Otaheitan　will　often　serve　accurately　to　represent　a　Papuan　or　Timorese；　the　darker　colour　and　more　frizzly　hair　of　the　latter　being　the　only　differences。　They　are　both　tall　races。　They　agree　in　their　love　of　art　and　the　style　of　their　decorations。　They　are　energetic；　demonstrative；　joyous；　and　laughter…loving；　and　in　all　these　particulars　they　differ　widely　from　the　Malay。

I　believe；　therefore；　that　the　numerous　intermediate　forms　that　occur　among　the　countless　islands　of　the　Pacific；　are　not　merely　the　result　of　a　mixture　of　these　races；　but　are；　to　some　extent；　truly　intermediate　or　transitional；　and　that　the　brown　and　the　black；　the　Papuan；　the　natives　of　Gilolo　and　Ceram；　the　Fijian；　the　inhabitants　of　the　Sandwich　Islands　and　those　of　New　Zealand；　are　all　varying　forms　of　one　great　Oceanic　or　Polynesian　race。

It　is；　however；　quite　possible；　and　perhaps　probable；　that　the　brown　Polynesians　were　originally　the　produce　of　a　mixture　of　Malays；　or　some　lighter　coloured　Mongol　race　with　the　dark　Papuans；　but　if　so；　the　intermingling　took　place　at　such　a　remote　epoch；　and　has　been　so　assisted　by　the　continued　influence　of　physical　conditions　and　of　natural　selection；　leading　to　the　preservation　of　a　special　type　suited　to　those　conditions；　that　it　has　become　a　fixed　and　stable　race　with　no　signs　of　mongrelism；　and　showing　such　a　decided　preponderance　of　Papuan　character；　that　it　can　best　be　classified　as　a　modification　of　the　Papuan　type。　The　occurrence　of　a　decided　Malay　element　in　the　Polynesian　languages；　has　evidently　nothing　to　do　with　any　such　ancient　physical　connexion。　It　is　altogether　a　recent　phenomenon；　originating　in　the　roaming　habits　of　the　chief　Malay　tribes；　and　this　is　proved　by　the　fact　that　we　find　actual　modern　words　of　the　Malay　and　Javanese　languages　in　use　in　Polynesia；　so　little　disguised　by　peculiarities　of　pronunciation　as　to　be　easily　recognisablenot　mere　Malay　roots　only　to　be　detected　by　the　elaborate　researches　of　the　philologist；　as　would　certainly　have　been　the　case　had　their　introduction　been　as　remote　as　the　origin　of　a　very　distinct　racea　race　as　different　from　the　Malay　in　mental　and