heroes and hero worship-第39节
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age; there is nothing yet got!
These things look strange; truly; and are not such as we commonly speculate upon。 But we are fallen into strange times; these things will require to be speculated upon; to be rendered practicable; to be in some way put in practice。 These; and many others。 On all hands of us; there is the announcement; audible enough; that the old Empire of Routine has ended; that to say a thing has long been; is no reason for its continuing to be。 The things which have been are fallen into decay; are fallen into incompetence; large masses of mankind; in every society of our Europe; are no longer capable of living at all by the things which have been。 When millions of men can no longer by their utmost exertion gain food for themselves; and 〃the third man for thirty…six weeks each year is short of third…rate potatoes;〃 the things which have been must decidedly prepare to alter themselves!I will now quit this of the organization of Men of Letters。
Alas; the evil that pressed heaviest on those Literary Heroes of ours was not the want of organization for Men of Letters; but a far deeper one; out of which; indeed; this and so many other evils for the Literary Man; and for all men; had; as from their fountain; taken rise。 That our Hero as Man of Letters had to travel without highway; companionless; through an inorganic chaos;and to leave his own life and faculty lying there; as a partial contribution towards _pushing_ some highway through it: this; had not his faculty itself been so perverted and paralyzed; he might have put up with; might have considered to be but the common lot of Heroes。 His fatal misery was the _spiritual paralysis_; so we may name it; of the Age in which his life lay; whereby his life too; do what he might; was half paralyzed! The Eighteenth was a _Sceptical_ Century; in which little word there is a whole Pandora's Box of miseries。 Scepticism means not intellectual Doubt alone; but moral Doubt; all sorts of infidelity; insincerity; spiritual paralysis。 Perhaps; in few centuries that one could specify since the world began; was a life of Heroism more difficult for a man。 That was not an age of Faith;an age of Heroes! The very possibility of Heroism had been; as it were; formally abnegated in the minds of all。 Heroism was gone forever; Triviality; Formulism and Commonplace were come forever。 The 〃age of miracles〃 had been; or perhaps had not been; but it was not any longer。 An effete world; wherein Wonder; Greatness; Godhood could not now dwell;in one word; a godless world!
How mean; dwarfish are their ways of thinking; in this time;compared not with the Christian Shakspeares and Miltons; but with the old Pagan Skalds; with any species of believing men! The living TREE Igdrasil; with the melodious prophetic waving of its world…wide boughs; deep…rooted as Hela; has died out into the clanking of a World…MACHINE。 〃Tree〃 and 〃Machine:〃 contrast these two things。 I; for my share; declare the world to be no machine! I say that it does _not_ go by wheel…and…pinion 〃motives〃 self…interests; checks; balances; that there is something far other in it than the clank of spinning…jennies; and parliamentary majorities; and; on the whole; that it is not a machine at all!The old Norse Heathen had a truer motion of God's…world than these poor Machine…Sceptics: the old Heathen Norse were _sincere_ men。 But for these poor Sceptics there was no sincerity; no truth。 Half…truth and hearsay was called truth。 Truth; for most men; meant plausibility; to be measured by the number of votes you could get。 They had lost any notion that sincerity was possible; or of what sincerity was。 How many Plausibilities asking; with unaffected surprise and the air of offended virtue; What! am not I sincere? Spiritual Paralysis; I say; nothing left but a Mechanical life; was the characteristic of that century。 For the common man; unless happily he stood _below_ his century and belonged to another prior one; it was impossible to be a Believer; a Hero; he lay buried; unconscious; under these baleful influences。 To the strongest man; only with infinite struggle and confusion was it possible to work himself half loose; and lead as it were; in an enchanted; most tragical way; a spiritual death…in…life; and be a Half…Hero!
Scepticism is the name we give to all this; as the chief symptom; as the chief origin of all this。 Concerning which so much were to be said! It would take many Discourses; not a small fraction of one Discourse; to state what one feels about that Eighteenth Century and its ways。 As indeed this; and the like of this; which we now call Scepticism; is precisely the black malady and life…foe; against which all teaching and discoursing since man's life began has directed itself: the battle of Belief against Unbelief is the never…ending battle! Neither is it in the way of crimination that one would wish to speak。 Scepticism; for that century; we must consider as the decay of old ways of believing; the preparation afar off for new better and wider ways;an inevitable thing。 We will not blame men for it; we will lament their hard fate。 We will understand that destruction of old _forms_ is not destruction of everlasting _substances_; that Scepticism; as sorrowful and hateful as we see it; is not an end but a beginning。
The other day speaking; without prior purpose that way; of Bentham's theory of man and man's life; I chanced to call it a more beggarly one than Mahomet's。 I am bound to say; now when it is once uttered; that such is my deliberate opinion。 Not that one would mean offence against the man Jeremy Bentham; or those who respect and believe him。 Bentham himself; and even the creed of Bentham; seems to me comparatively worthy of praise。 It is a determinate _being_ what all the world; in a cowardly half…and…half manner; was tending to be。 Let us have the crisis; we shall either have death or the cure。 I call this gross; steam…engine Utilitarianism an approach towards new Faith。 It was a laying…down of cant; a saying to oneself: 〃Well then; this world is a dead iron machine; the god of it Gravitation and selfish Hunger; let us see what; by checking and balancing; and good adjustment of tooth and pinion; can be made of it!〃 Benthamism has something complete; manful; in such fearless committal of itself to what it finds true; you may call it Heroic; though a Heroism with its _eyes_ put out! It is the culminating point; and fearless ultimatum; of what lay in the half…and…half state; pervading man's whole existence in that Eighteenth Century。 It seems to me; all deniers of Godhood; and all lip…believers of it; are bound to be Benthamites; if they have courage and honesty。 Benthamism is an _eyeless_ Heroism: the Human Species; like a hapless blinded Samson grinding in the Philistine Mill; clasps convulsively the pillars of its Mill; brings huge ruin down; but ultimately deliverance withal。 Of Bentham I meant to say no harm。
But this I do say; and would wish all men to know and lay to heart; that he who discerns nothing but Mechanism in the Universe has in the fatalest way missed the secret of the Universe altogether。 That all Godhood should vanish out of men's conception of this Universe seems to me precisely the most brutal error;I will not disparage Heathenism by calling it a Heathen error;that men could fall into。 It is not true; it is false at the very heart of it。 A man who thinks so will think _wrong_ about all things in the world; this original sin will vitiate all other conclusions he can form。 One might call it the most lamentable of Delusions;not forgetting Witchcraft itself! Witchcraft worshipped at least a living Devil; but this worships a dead iron Devil; no God; not even a Devil! Whatsoever is noble; divine; inspired; drops thereby out of life。 There remains everywhere in life a despicable _caput…mortuum_; the mechanical hull; all soul fled out of it。 How can a man act heroically? The 〃Doctrine of Motives〃 will teach him that it is; under more or less disguise; nothing but a wretched love of Pleasure; fear of Pain; that Hunger; of applause; of cash; of whatsoever victual it may be; is the ultimate fact of man's life。 Atheism; in brief;which does indeed frightfully punish itself。 The man; I say; is become spiritually a paralytic man; this godlike Universe a dead mechanical steam…engine; all working by motives; checks; balances; and I know not what; wherein; as in the detestable belly of some Phalaris'…Bull of his own contriving; he the poor Phalaris sits miserably dying!
Belief I define to be the healthy act of a man's mind。 It is a mysterious indescribable process; that of getting to believe;indescribable; as all vital acts are。 We have our mind given us; not that it may cavil and argue; but that it may see into something; give us clear belief and understanding about something; whereon we are then to proceed to act。 Doubt; truly; is not itself a crime。 Certainly we do not rush out; clutch up the first thing we find; and straightway believe that! All manner of doubt; inquiry; 'Gr。' _skepsis_ as it is named; about all manner of objects; dwells in every reasonable mind。 It is the mystic working of the mind; on the object it is _getting_ to know and believ