heroes and hero worship-第37节
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istence too is modified; to the very basis of it; by the existence of Books。 Universities arose while there were yet no Books procurable; while a man; for a single Book; had to give an estate of land。 That; in those circumstances; when a man had some knowledge to communicate; he should do it by gathering the learners round him; face to face; was a necessity for him。 If you wanted to know what Abelard knew; you must go and listen to Abelard。 Thousands; as many as thirty thousand; went to hear Abelard and that metaphysical theology of his。 And now for any other teacher who had also something of his own to teach; there was a great convenience opened: so many thousands eager to learn were already assembled yonder; of all places the best place for him was that。 For any third teacher it was better still; and grew ever the better; the more teachers there came。 It only needed now that the King took notice of this new phenomenon; combined or agglomerated the various schools into one school; gave it edifices; privileges; encouragements; and named it _Universitas_; or School of all Sciences: the University of Paris; in its essential characters; was there。 The model of all subsequent Universities; which down even to these days; for six centuries now; have gone on to found themselves。 Such; I conceive; was the origin of Universities。
It is clear; however; that with this simple circumstance; facility of getting Books; the whole conditions of the business from top to bottom were changed。 Once invent Printing; you metamorphosed all Universities; or superseded them! The Teacher needed not now to gather men personally round him; that he might _speak_ to them what he knew: print it in a Book; and all learners far and wide; for a trifle; had it each at his own fireside; much more effectually to learn it!Doubtless there is still peculiar virtue in Speech; even writers of Books may still; in some circumstances; find it convenient to speak also;witness our present meeting here! There is; one would say; and must ever remain while man has a tongue; a distinct province for Speech as well as for Writing and Printing。 In regard to all things this must remain; to Universities among others。 But the limits of the two have nowhere yet been pointed out; ascertained; much less put in practice: the University which would completely take in that great new fact; of the existence of Printed Books; and stand on a clear footing for the Nineteenth Century as the Paris one did for the Thirteenth; has not yet come into existence。 If we think of it; all that a University; or final highest School can do for us; is still but what the first School began doing;teach us to _read_。 We learn to _read_; in various languages; in various sciences; we learn the alphabet and letters of all manner of Books。 But the place where we are to get knowledge; even theoretic knowledge; is the Books themselves! It depends on what we read; after all manner of Professors have done their best for us。 The true University of these days is a Collection of Books。
But to the Church itself; as I hinted already; all is changed; in its preaching; in its working; by the introduction of Books。 The Church is the working recognized Union of our Priests or Prophets; of those who by wise teaching guide the souls of men。 While there was no Writing; even while there was no Easy…writing; or _Printing_; the preaching of the voice was the natural sole method of performing this。 But now with Books! He that can write a true Book; to persuade England; is not he the Bishop and Archbishop; the Primate of England and of All England? I many a time say; the writers of Newspapers; Pamphlets; Poems; Books; these _are_ the real working effective Church of a modern country。 Nay not only our preaching; but even our worship; is not it too accomplished by means of Printed Books? The noble sentiment which a gifted soul has clothed for us in melodious words; which brings melody into our hearts;is not this essentially; if we will understand it; of the nature of worship? There are many; in all countries; who; in this confused time; have no other method of worship。 He who; in any way; shows us better than we knew before that a lily of the fields is beautiful; does he not show it us as an effluence of the Fountain of all Beauty; as the _handwriting_; made visible there; of the great Maker of the Universe? He has sung for us; made us sing with him; a little verse of a sacred Psalm。 Essentially so。 How much more he who sings; who says; or in any way brings home to our heart the noble doings; feelings; darings and endurances of a brother man! He has verily touched our hearts as with a live coal _from the altar_。 Perhaps there is no worship more authentic。
Literature; so far as it is Literature; is an 〃apocalypse of Nature;〃 a revealing of the 〃open secret。〃 It may well enough be named; in Fichte's style; a 〃continuous revelation〃 of the Godlike in the Terrestrial and Common。 The Godlike does ever; in very truth; endure there; is brought out; now in this dialect; now in that; with various degrees of clearness: all true gifted Singers and Speakers are; consciously or unconsciously; doing so。 The dark stormful indignation of a Byron; so wayward and perverse; may have touches of it; nay the withered mockery of a French sceptic;his mockery of the False; a love and worship of the True。 How much more the sphere…harmony of a Shakspeare; of a Goethe; the cathedral music of a Milton! They are something too; those humble genuine lark…notes of a Burns;skylark; starting from the humble furrow; far overhead into the blue depths; and singing to us so genuinely there! For all true singing is of the nature of worship; as indeed all true _working_ may be said to be;whereof such _singing_ is but the record; and fit melodious representation; to us。 Fragments of a real 〃Church Liturgy〃 and 〃Body of Homilies;〃 strangely disguised from the common eye; are to be found weltering in that huge froth…ocean of Printed Speech we loosely call Literature! Books are our Church too。
Or turning now to the Government of men。 Witenagemote; old Parliament; was a great thing。 The affairs of the nation were there deliberated and decided; what we were to _do_ as a nation。 But does not; though the name Parliament subsists; the parliamentary debate go on now; everywhere and at all times; in a far more comprehensive way; _out_ of Parliament altogether? Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but; in the Reporters' Gallery yonder; there sat a _Fourth Estate_ more important far than they all。 It is not a figure of speech; or a witty saying; it is a literal fact;very momentous to us in these times。 Literature is our Parliament too。 Printing; which comes necessarily out of Writing; I say often; is equivalent to Democracy: invent Writing; Democracy is inevitable。 Writing brings Printing; brings universal everyday extempore Printing; as we see at present。 Whoever can speak; speaking now to the whole nation; becomes a power; a branch of government; with inalienable weight in law…making; in all acts of authority。 It matters not what rank he has; what revenues or garnitures。 the requisite thing is; that he have a tongue which others will listen to; this and nothing more is requisite。 The nation is governed by all that has tongue in the nation: Democracy is virtually _there_。 Add only; that whatsoever power exists will have itself; by and by; organized; working secretly under bandages; obscurations; obstructions; it will never rest till it get to work free; unencumbered; visible to all。 Democracy virtually extant will insist on becoming palpably extant。
On all sides; are we not driven to the conclusion that; of the things which man can do or make here below; by far the most momentous; wonderful and worthy are the things we call Books! Those poor bits of rag…paper with black ink on them;from the Daily Newspaper to the sacred Hebrew BOOK; what have they not done; what are they not doing!For indeed; whatever be the outward form of the thing (bits of paper; as we say; and black ink); is it not verily; at bottom; the highest act of man's faculty that produces a Book? It is the _Thought_ of man; the true thaumaturgic virtue; by which man works all things whatsoever。 All that he does; and brings to pass; is the vesture of a Thought。 This London City; with all its houses; palaces; steam…engines; cathedrals; and huge immeasurable traffic and tumult; what is it but a Thought; but millions of Thoughts made into One;a huge immeasurable Spirit of a THOUGHT; embodied in brick; in iron; smoke; dust; Palaces; Parliaments; Hackney Coaches; Katherine Docks; and the rest of it! Not a brick was made but some man had to _think_ of the making of that brick。The thing we called 〃bits of paper with traces of black ink;〃 is the _purest_ embodiment a Thought of man can have。 No wonder it is; in all ways; the activest and noblest。
All this; of the importance and supreme importance of the Man of Letters in modern Society; and how the Press is to such a degree superseding the Pulpit; the Senate; the _Senatus Academicus_ and much else; has been admitted for a good while; and recognized often enough; in late times; with a sort of sentimental tr