heroes and hero worship-第35节
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ssign to the Scotch at present: a certain sardonic taciturnity is in him; insight enough; and a stouter heart than he himself knows of。 He has the power of holding his peace over many things which do not vitally concern him;〃They? what are they?〃 But the thing which does vitally concern him; that thing he will speak of; and in a tone the whole world shall be made to hear: all the more emphatic for his long silence。
This Prophet of the Scotch is to me no hateful man!He had a sore fight of an existence; wrestling with Popes and Principalities; in defeat; contention; life…long struggle; rowing as a galley…slave; wandering as an exile。 A sore fight: but he won it。 〃Have you hope?〃 they asked him in his last moment; when he could no longer speak。 He lifted his finger; 〃pointed upwards with his finger;〃 and so died。 Honor to him! His works have not died。 The letter of his work dies; as of all men's; but the spirit of it never。
One word more as to the letter of Knox's work。 The unforgivable offence in him is; that he wished to set up Priests over the head of Kings。 In other words; he strove to make the Government of Scotland a _Theocracy_。 This indeed is properly the sum of his offences; the essential sin; for which what pardon can there be? It is most true; he did; at bottom; consciously or unconsciously; mean a Theocracy; or Government of God。 He did mean that Kings and Prime Ministers; and all manner of persons; in public or private; diplomatizing or whatever else they might be doing; should walk according to the Gospel of Christ; and understand that this was their Law; supreme over all laws。 He hoped once to see such a thing realized; and the Petition; _Thy Kingdom come_; no longer an empty word。 He was sore grieved when he saw greedy worldly Barons clutch hold of the Church's property; when he expostulated that it was not secular property; that it was spiritual property; and should be turned to _true_ churchly uses; education; schools; worship;and the Regent Murray had to answer; with a shrug of the shoulders; 〃It is a devout imagination!〃 This was Knox's scheme of right and truth; this he zealously endeavored after; to realize it。 If we think his scheme of truth was too narrow; was not true; we may rejoice that he could not realize it; that it remained after two centuries of effort; unrealizable; and is a 〃devout imagination〃 still。 But how shall we blame _him_ for struggling to realize it? Theocracy; Government of God; is precisely the thing to be struggled for! All Prophets; zealous Priests; are there for that purpose。 Hildebrand wished a Theocracy; Cromwell wished it; fought for it; Mahomet attained it。 Nay; is it not what all zealous men; whether called Priests; Prophets; or whatsoever else called; do essentially wish; and must wish? That right and truth; or God's Law; reign supreme among men; this is the Heavenly Ideal (well named in Knox's time; and namable in all times; a revealed 〃Will of God〃) towards which the Reformer will insist that all be more and more approximated。 All true Reformers; as I said; are by the nature of them Priests; and strive for a Theocracy。
How far such Ideals can ever be introduced into Practice; and at what point our impatience with their non…introduction ought to begin; is always a question。 I think we may say safely; Let them introduce themselves as far as they can contrive to do it! If they are the true faith of men; all men ought to be more or less impatient always where they are not found introduced。 There will never be wanting Regent Murrays enough to shrug their shoulders; and say; 〃A devout imagination!〃 We will praise the Hero…priest rather; who does what is in him to bring them in; and wears out; in toil; calumny; contradiction; a noble life; to make a God's Kingdom of this Earth。 The Earth will not become too godlike!
'May 19; 1840。' LECTURE V。 THE HERO AS MAN OF LETTERS。 JOHNSON; ROUSSEAU; BURNS。
Hero…Gods; Prophets; Poets; Priests are forms of Heroism that belong to the old ages; make their appearance in the remotest times; some of them have ceased to be possible long since; and cannot any more show themselves in this world。 The Hero as _Man of Letters_; again; of which class we are to speak to…day; is altogether a product of these new ages; and so long as the wondrous art of _Writing_; or of Ready…writing which we call _Printing_; subsists; he may be expected to continue; as one of the main forms of Heroism for all future ages。 He is; in various respects; a very singular phenomenon。
He is new; I say; he has hardly lasted above a century in the world yet。 Never; till about a hundred years ago; was there seen any figure of a Great Soul living apart in that anomalous manner; endeavoring to speak forth the inspiration that was in him by Printed Books; and find place and subsistence by what the world would please to give him for doing that。 Much had been sold and bought; and left to make its own bargain in the market…place; but the inspired wisdom of a Heroic Soul never till then; in that naked manner。 He; with his copy…rights and copy…wrongs; in his squalid garret; in his rusty coat; ruling (for this is what he does); from his grave; after death; whole nations and generations who would; or would not; give him bread while living;is a rather curious spectacle! Few shapes of Heroism can be more unexpected。
Alas; the Hero from of old has had to cramp himself into strange shapes: the world knows not well at any time what to do with him; so foreign is his aspect in the world! It seemed absurd to us; that men; in their rude admiration; should take some wise great Odin for a god; and worship him as such; some wise great Mahomet for one god…inspired; and religiously follow his Law for twelve centuries: but that a wise great Johnson; a Burns; a Rousseau; should be taken for some idle nondescript; extant in the world to amuse idleness; and have a few coins and applauses thrown him; that he might live thereby; _this_ perhaps; as before hinted; will one day seem a still absurder phasis of things!Meanwhile; since it is the spiritual always that determines the material; this same Man…of…Letters Hero must be regarded as our most important modern person。 He; such as he may be; is the soul of all。 What he teaches; the whole world will do and make。 The world's manner of dealing with him is the most significant feature of the world's general position。 Looking well at his life; we may get a glance; as deep as is readily possible for us; into the life of those singular centuries which have produced him; in which we ourselves live and work。
There are genuine Men of Letters; and not genuine; as in every kind there is a genuine and a spurious。 If _hero_ be taken to mean genuine; then I say the Hero as Man of Letters will be found discharging a function for us which is ever honorable; ever the highest; and was once well known to be the highest。 He is uttering forth; in such way as he has; the inspired soul of him; all that a man; in any case; can do。 I say _inspired_; for what we call 〃originality;〃 〃sincerity;〃 〃genius;〃 the heroic quality we have no good name for; signifies that。 The Hero is he who lives in the inward sphere of things; in the True; Divine and Eternal; which exists always; unseen to most; under the Temporary; Trivial: his being is in that; he declares that abroad; by act or speech as it may be in declaring himself abroad。 His life; as we said before; is a piece of the everlasting heart of Nature herself: all men's life is;but the weak many know not the fact; and are untrue to it; in most times; the strong few are strong; heroic; perennial; because it cannot be hidden from them。 The Man of Letters; like every Hero; is there to proclaim this in such sort as he can。 Intrinsically it is the same function which the old generations named a man Prophet; Priest; Divinity for doing; which all manner of Heroes; by speech or by act; are sent into the world to do。
Fichte the German Philosopher delivered; some forty years ago at Erlangen; a highly remarkable Course of Lectures on this subject: 〃_Ueber das Wesen des Gelehrten_; On the Nature of the Literary Man。〃 Fichte; in conformity with the Transcendental Philosophy; of which he was a distinguished teacher; declares first: That all things which we see or work with in this Earth; especially we ourselves and all persons; are as a kind of vesture or sensuous Appearance: that under all there lies; as the essence of them; what he calls the 〃Divine Idea of the World;〃 this is the Reality which 〃lies at the bottom of all Appearance。〃 To the mass of men no such Divine Idea is recognizable in the world; they live merely; says Fichte; among the superficialities; practicalities and shows of the world; not dreaming that there is anything divine under them。 But the Man of Letters is sent hither specially that he may discern for himself; and make manifest to us; this same Divine Idea: in every new generation it will manifest itself in a new dialect; and he is there for the purpose of doing that。 Such is Fichte's phraseology; with which we need not quarrel。 It is his way of naming what I here; by other words; am striving imperfectly to name; what there is at present no name for: The unspeaka