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raised　banks　at　the　eastern　parts　of　the　city；　and　enlarged　it；　he　also　joined　the　temple　of　Jupiter　Olympius；　which　stood　before　in　an　island　by　itself；　to　the　city；　by　raising　a　causeway　between　them；　and　adorned　that　temple　with　donations　of　gold。　He　moreover　went　up　to　Libanus；　and　had　timber　cut　down　for　the　building　of　temples。　They　say　further；　that　Solomon；　when　he　was　king　of　Jerusalem；　sent　problems　to　Hirom　to　be　solved；　and　desired　he　would　send　others　back　for　him　to　solve；　and　that　he　who　could　not　solve　the　problems　proposed　to　him　should　pay　money　to　him　that　solved　them。　And　when　Hirom　had　agreed　to　the　proposals；　but　was　not　able　to　solve　the　problems；　he　was　obliged　to　pay　a　great　deal　of　money；　as　a　penalty　for　the　same。　As　also　they　relate；　that　one淎bdemon；　a　man　of　Tyre；　did　solve　the　problems；　and　propose　others　which　Solomon　could　not　solve；　upon　which　he　was　obliged　to　repay　a　great　deal　of　money　to　Hirom。〃　These　things　are　attested　to　by　Dius；　and　confirm　what　we　have　said　upon　the　same　subjects　before。

18。　And　now　I　shall　add　Menander　the　Ephesian；　as　an　additional　witness。　This　Menander　wrote　the　Acts　that　were　done　both　by　the　Greeks　and　Barbarians；　under　every　one　of　the　Tyrian　kings；　and　had　taken　much　pains　to　learn　their　history　out　of　their　own　records。　Now　when　he　was　writing　about　those　kings　that　had　reigned　at　Tyre；　he　came　to　Hirom；　and　says　thus：　〃Upon　the　death　of　Abibalus；　his　son　Hirom　took　the　kingdom；　he　lived　fifty…three　years；　and　reigned　thirty…four。　He　raised　a　bank　on　that　called　the　Broad　Place；　and　dedicated　that　golden　pillar　which　is　in　Jupiter's　temple；　he　also　went　and　cut　down　timber　from　the　mountain　called　Libanus；　and　got　timber　Of　cedar　for　the　roofs　of　the　temples。　He　also　pulled　down　the　old　temples；　and　built　new　ones；　besides　this；　he　consecrated　the　temples　of　Hercules　and　of　Astarte。　He　first　built　Hercules's　temple　in　the　month　Peritus；　and　that　of　Astarte　when　he　made　his　expedition　against　the　Tityans；　who　would　not　pay　him　their　tribute；　and　when　he　had　subdued　them　to　himself；　he　returned　home。　Under　this　king　there　was　a　younger　son　of　Abdemon；　who　mastered　the　problems　which　Solomon　king　of　Jerusalem　had　recommended　to　be　solved。〃　Now　the　time　from　this　king　to　the　building　of　Carthage　is　thus　calculated：　〃Upon　the　death　of　Hirom；　Baleazarus　his　son　took　the　kingdom；　he　lived　forty…three　years；　and　reigned　seven　years：　after　him　succeeded　his　son　Abdastartus；　he　lived　twenty…nine　years；　and　reigned　nine　years。　Now　four　sons　of　his　nurse　plotted　against　him　and　slew　him；　the　eldest　of　whom　reigned　twelve　years：　after　them　came　Astartus；　the　son　of　Deleastartus；　he　lived　fifty…four　years；　and　reigned　twelve　years：　after　him　came　his　brother　Aserymus；　he　lived　fifty…four　years；　and　reigned　nine　years：　he　was　slain　by　his　brother　Pheles；　who　took　the　kingdom　and　reigned　but　eight　months；　though　he　lived　fifty　years：　he　was　slain　by　Ithobalus；　the　priest　of　Astarte；　who　reigned　thirty…two　years；　and　lived　sixty…eight　years：　he　was　succeeded　by　his　son　Badezorus；　who　lived　forty…five　years；　and　reigned　six　years：　he　was　succeeded　by　Matgenus　his　son；　he　lived　thirty…two　years；　and　reigned　nine　years：　Pygmalion　succeeded　him；　he　lived　fifty…six　years；　and　reigned　forty…seven　years。　Now　in　the　seventh　year　of　his　reign；　his　sister　fled　away　from　him；　and　built　the　city　Carthage　in　Libya。〃　So　the　whole　time　from　the　reign　of　Hirom；　till　the　building　of　Carthage；　amounts　to　the　sum　of　one　hundred　fifty…five　years　and　eight　months。　Since　then　the　temple　was　built　at　Jerusalem　in　the　twelfth　year　of　the　reign　of　Hirom；　there　were　from　the　building　of　the　temple；　until　the　building　of　Carthage；　one　hundred　forty…three　years　and　eight　months。　Wherefore；　what　occasion　is　there　for　alleging　any　more　testimonies　out　of　the　Phoenician　histories　＇on　the　behalf　of　our　nation＇；　since　what　I　have　said　is　so　thoroughly　confirmed　already？　and　to　be　sure　our　ancestors　came　into　this　country　long　before　the　building　of　the　temple；　for　it　was　not　till　we　had　gotten　possession　of　the　whole　land　by　war　that　we　built　our　temple。　And　this　is　the　point　that　I　have　clearly　proved　out　of　our　sacred　writings　in　my　Antiquities。

19。　I　will　now　relate　what　hath　been　written　concerning　us　in　the　Chaldean　histories；　which　records　have　a　great　agreement　with　our　books　in　oilier　things　also。　Berosus　shall　be　witness　to　what　I　say：　he　was　by　birth　a　Chaldean；　well　known　by　the　learned；　on　account　of　his　publication　of　the　Chaldean　books　of　astronomy　and　philosophy　among　the　Greeks。　This　Berosus；　therefore；　following　the　most　ancient　records　of　that　nation；　gives　us　a　history　of　the　deluge　of　waters　that　then　happened；　and　of　the　destruction　of　mankind　thereby；　and　agrees　with　Moses's　narration　thereof。　He　also　gives　us　an　account　of　that　ark　wherein　Noah；　the　origin　of　our　race；　was　preserved；　when　it　was　brought　to　the　highest　part　of　the　Armenian　mountains；　after　which　he　gives　us　a　catalogue　of　the　posterity　of　Noah；　and　adds　the　years　of　their　chronology；　and　at　length　comes　down　to　Nabolassar；　who　was　king　of　Babylon；　and　of　the　Chaldeans。　And　when　he　was　relating　the　acts　of　this　king；　he　describes　to　us　how　he　sent　his　son　Nabuchodonosor　against　Egypt；　and　against　our　land；　with　a　great　army；　upon　his　being　informed　that　they　had　revolted　from　him；　and　how；　by　that　means；　he　subdued　them　all；　and　set　our　temple　that　was　at　Jerusalem　on　fire；　nay；　and　removed　our　people　entirely　out　of　their　own　country；　and　transferred　them　to　Babylon；　when　it　so　happened　that　our　city　was　desolate　during　the　interval　of　seventy　years；　until　the　days　of　Cyrus　king　of　Persia。　He　then　says；　〃That　this　Babylonian　king　conquered　Egypt；　and　Syria；　and　Phoenicia；　and　Arabia；　and　exceeded　in　his　exploits　all　that　had　reigned　before　him　in　Babylon　and　Chaldea。〃　A　little　after　which　Berosus　subjoins　what　follows　in　his　History　of　Ancient　Times。　I　will　set　down　Berosus's　own　accounts；　which　are　these：　〃When　Nabolassar；　father　of　Nabuchodonosor；　heard　that　the　governor　whom　he　had　set　over　Egypt；　and　over　the　parts　of　Celesyria　and　Phoenicia；　had　revolted　from　him；　he　was　not　able　to　bear　it　any　longer；　but　committing　certain　parts　of　his　army　to　his　son　Nabuchodonosor；　who　was　then　but　young；　he　sent　him　against　the　rebel：　Nabuchodonosor　joined　battle　with　him；　and　conquered　him；　and　reduced　the　country　under　his　dominion　again。　Now　it　so　fell　out　that　his　father　Nabolassar　fell　into　a　distemper　at　this　time；　and　died　in　the　city　of　Babylon；　after　he　had　reigned　twenty…nine　years。　But　as　he　understood；　in　a　little　time；　that　his　father　Nabolassar　was　dead；　he　set　the　affairs　of　Egypt　and　the　other　countries　in　order；　and　committed　the　captives　he　had　taken　from　the　Jews；　and　Phoenicians；　and　Syrians；　and　of　the　nations　belonging　to　Egypt；　to　some　of　his　friends；　that　they　might　conduct　that　part　of　the　forces　that　had　on　heavy　armor；　with　the　rest　of　his　baggage；　to　Babylonia；　while　he　went　in　haste；　having　but　a　few　with　him；　over　the　desert　to　Babylon；　whither；　when　he　was　come；　he　found　the　public　affairs　had　been　managed　by　the　Chaldeans；　and　that　the　principal　person　among　them　had　preserved　the　kingdom　for　him。　Accordingly；　he　now　entirely　obtained　all　his　father's　dominions。　He　then　came；　and　ordered　the　captives　to　be　placed　as　colonies　in　the　most　proper　places　of　Babylonia；　but　for　himself；　he　adorned　the　temple　of　Belus；　and　the　other　temples；　after　an　elegant　manner；　out　of　the　spoils　he　had　taken　in　this　war。　He　also　rebuilt　the　old　city；　and　added　another　to　it　on　the　outside；　and　so　far　restored　Babylon；　that　none　who　should　besiege　it　afterwards　might　have　it　in　their　power　to　divert　the　river；　so　as　to　facilitate　an　entrance　into　it；　and　this　he　did　by　building　three　walls　about　the　inner　city；　and　three　about　the　outer。　Some　of　these　walls　he　built　of　burnt　brick　and　bitumen；　and　some　of　brick　only。　So　when　he　had　thus　fortified　the　city　with　walls；　after　an　excellent　manner；　and　had　adorned　the　gates　magnificently；　he　added　a　new　palace　to　that　which　his　father　had　dwelt　in；　and　this　close　by　it　also；　and　that　more　eminent　in　its　height；　and　in　its　great　splendor。　It　would　perhaps　require　too　long　a　narration；　if　any　one　were　to　describe　it。　However；　as　prodigiously　large　and　as　magnificent　as　it　was；　it　was　finished　in　fifteen　days。　Now　in　this　palace　he　erected　very　high　walks；　supported　by　stone　pillars；　and　by　planting　what　was　called　a　pensile　paradise；　and　replenishing　it　with　all　sorts　of　trees；　he　rendered　the　prospect　an　exact　resemblance　of　a　mountainous　country。　This　he　did　to　please　his　queen；　because　she　had　been　brought　up　in　Media；　and　was　fond　of　a　mountainous　situation。〃

20。　This　is　what　Berosus　relates　concerning　the　forementioned　king；　as　he　relates　many　other　things　about　him　also　in　the　third　book　of　his　Chaldean　History；　wherein　he　complains　of　the　Grecian　writers　for　supposing；　without　any　foundation；　that　Babylon　was　built　by　Semiramis；　（14）　queen　of　Assyria；　and　for　her　false　pretense　to　those　wonderful　edifices　thereto　buildings　at　Babylon；　do　no　way　contradict　those　ancient　and　relating；　as　if　they　were　her　own　workmanship；　as　indeed　in　these　affairs　the　Chaldean　History　c