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? umin   ?    ?
? h ?
Until  1858;  Bazin;  an  assistant  to  D’ Arcy;  developed  the  parabolic  curve  of  velocity

profile  from  results  of  experiments  in  the  middle  of  a  natural  river。  The  equation

proposed was

2
u ? u
? y ?
    max   = 20?    ?
hJ ? h ?

in which u is the velocity of flow at the depth y; h… the maximum depth; J – the slope。

Later;   Pressey;   in   America;   Jasmund   and   Bolte;   in   Germany;   improved   the

Bazin’s  result  of  the  constancy  of  the  value  20  by  introducing  the  effect  of  the

roughness  of  channel  on  the  increase  of  curvature  of  the  profile。  R。Jasmund  (1893  –

97)   examined   445   velocity   profiles   based   on   his   observations   on   the   Elbe。   He

proposed  four  types  of  curves;  i。e。;  parabolas  with  horizontal  and  vertical  axes;

hyperbola  and  logarithmic  curves  for  trials  in  fitting  the  data;  and  concluded  that  the

latter was the best fit:

u = a + b lg ( y + c )

where a; b; and c are constants for a particular stream。

Not   until   1883;   when   the   essence   of   turbulent   vs。laminar   flows   was   fully

understood  through  the  works  of  O。  Reynolds;  different  formulas  were  developed  for

the   two   regimes。   The   Prandtl…Karman   semi…rational   approach   to   the   logarithmic

formula for turbulent flow has been popularly accepted。

Nevertheless;  the  distribution  of  velocity  along  a  vertical  of  flow  still  remains

void  of  reason。  The  subject;  however;  is  of  wide  interest  to  hydraulics  in  practice;  so

as  to  answer  the  requirement  of  verifying  the  Prandtl…Karman  formula;  as  well  as  to

the  mechanics  of  sediment  transport  which  is  closely  related  to  the  shape  of  the

vertical velocity curve。


On the Inconsistencies in the Prandtl…Karman Analysis
L。  Prandtl  and  Th。  von  Karman  have  successively  developed  the  mixing  length

theory and velocity deficiency Law of turbulent pipe flow by coordinating theoretical

analysis   partially   with   experimental   research。   Nevertheless;   these   fruitful   results


83


remain with inconsistencies in both theory and practice。

Firstly;  for  a  definite  shear  stress
? o =   ? hJ;  the  effect  of  wall  roughness  is
assumed  to  be  only  limited  to  a  shallow  region  of  viscous  sublayer  adjacent  to  the

wall;  while  the  velocity  distribution  in  the  turbulent  core  is  assumed  to  be  identical

for all conditions of flow。

Secondly;  assumption  has  been  made  that  the  turbulent  core  velocity  curve  u~y
joins  abruptly  the  viscous  film  straight  line  at  the  point  of  depth  y  =  δ=11。6? /u* ;
where  u*  is  the  shear  velocity  and  ? ;  the  kinematic  viscosity。  This  is  far  from  truth
as shown by many recent  velocity measurements close to the boundary (1) 。 The slopes
du
of velocity gradients    
dy
for the two regimes are radically different。

Thirdly;  in  puting  the  average  velocity  by  summation;  the  effect  of  flow
within  the  range  y

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