the city of the sun-第4节

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ing　Hoh　should　know　other　than　the　arts　having　reference　to
their　rule；　and　so　they　have　only　a　historical　knowledge　of　the
arts　which　are　common　to　all。　　But　their　own　they　know　well；
to　which　certainly　one　is　dedicated　more　than　another。　　Thus
Power　is　the　most　learned　in　the　equestrian　art；　in　marshalling
the　army；　in　the　marking　out　of　camps；　in　the　manufacture　of
every　kind　of　weapon　and　of　warlike　machines；　in　planning
stratagems；　and　in　every　affair　of　a　military　nature。　　And　for
these　reasons；　they　consider　it　necessary　that　these　chiefs
should　have　been　philosophers；　historians；　politicians；　and
physicists。　　Concerning　the　other　two　triumvirs；　understand
remarks　similar　to　those　I　have　made　about　Power。


G。M。　　I　really　wish　that　you　would　recount　all　their　public
duties；　and　would　distinguish　between　them；　and　also　that　you
would　tell　clearly　how　they　are　all　taught　in　common。


Capt。　　They　have　dwellings　in　common　and　dormitories；　and
couches　and　other　necessaries。　　But　at　the　end　of　every　six
months　they　are　separated　by　the　masters。　　Some　shall　sleep　in
this　ring；　some　in　another；　some　in　the　first　apartment；　and
some　in　the　second；　and　these　apartments　are　marked　by　means
of　the　alphabet　on　the　lintel。　　There　are　occupations；　mechani…
cal　and　theoretical；　common　to　both　men　and　women；　with　this
difference；　that　the　occupations　which　require　more　hard　work；
and　walking　a　long　distance；　are　practised　by　men；　such　as
ploughing；　sowing；　gathering　the　fruits；　working　at　the　thresh…
ing…floor；　and　perchance　at　the　vintage。　　But　it　is　customary　to
choose　women　for　milking　the　cows　and　for　making　cheese。　　In
like　manner；　they　go　to　the　gardens　near　to　the　outskirts　of　the
city　both　for　collecting　the　plants　and　for　cultivating　them。　　In
fact；　all　sedentary　and　stationary　pursuits　are　practised　by　the
women；　such　as　weaving；　spinning；　sewing；　cutting　the　hair；
shaving；　dispensing　medicines；　and　making　all　kinds　of　gar…
ments。　　They　are；　however；　excluded　from　working　in　wood
and　the　manufacture　of　arms。　　If　a　woman　is　fit　to　paint；　she
is　not　prevented　from　doing　so；　nevertheless；　music　is　given
over　to　the　women　alone；　because　they　please　the　more；　and　of
a　truth　to　boys　also。　　But　the　women　have　not　the　practise　of
the　drum　and　the　horn。

　　　And　they　prepare　their　feasts　and　arrange　the　tables　in　the
following　manner。　　It　is　the　peculiar　work　of　the　boys　and
girls　under　twenty　to　wait　at　the　tables。　　In　every　ring　there
are　suitable　kitchens；　barns；　and　stores　of　utensils　for　eating
and　drinking；　and　over　every　department　an　old　man　and　an　old
woman　preside。　　These　two　have　at　once　the　command　of　those
who　serve；　and　the　power　of　chastising；　or　causing　to　be　chas…
tised；　those　who　are　negligent　or　disobedient；　and　they　also
examine　and　mark　each　one；　both　male　and　female；　who　excels
in　his　or　her　duties。

　　　All　the　young　people　wait　upon　the　older　ones　who　have
passed　the　age　of　forty；　and　in　the　evening　when　they　go　to
sleep　the　master　and　mistress　command　that　those　should　be
sent　to　work　in　the　morning；　upon　whom　in　succession　the　duty
falls；　one　or　two　to　separate　apartments。　　The　young　people；
however；　wait　upon　one　another；　and　that　alas！　with　some　un…
willingness。　　They　have　first　and　second　tables；　and　on　both
sides　there　are　seats。　　On　one　side　sit　the　women；　on　the　other
the　men；　and　as　in　the　refectories　of　the　monks；　there　is　no
noise。　　While　they　are　eating　a　young　man　reads　a　book　from
a　platform；　intoning　distinctly　and　sonorously；　and　often　the
magistrates　question　them　upon　the　more　important　parts　of
the　reading。　　And　truly　it　is　pleasant　to　observe　in　what　man…
ner　these　young　people；　so　beautiful　and　clothed　in　garments
so　suitable；　attend　to　them；　and　to　see　at　the　same　time　so　many
friends；　brothers；　sons；　fathers；　and　mothers　all　in　their　turn
living　together　with　so　much　honesty；　propriety；　and　love。　　So
each　one　is　given　a　napkin；　a　plate；　fish；　and　a　dish　of　food。　　It
is　the　duty　of　the　medical　officers　to　tell　the　cooks　what　repasts
shall　be　prepared　on　each　day；　and　what　food　for　the　old；　what
for　the　young；　and　what　for　the　sick。　　The　magistrates　receive
the　full…grown　and　fatter　portion；　and　they　from　their　share
always　distribute　something　to　the　boys　at　the　table　who　have
shown　themselves　more　studious　in　the　morning　at　the　lectures
and　debates　concerning　wisdom　and　arms。　　And　this　is　held
to　be　one　of　the　most　distinguished　honors。　　For　six　days　they
ordain　to　sing　with　music　at　table。　　Only　a　few；　however；　sing；
or　there　is　one　voice　accompanying　the　lute　and　one　for　each
other　instrument。　　And　when　all　alike　in　service　join　their
hands；　nothing　is　found　to　be　wanting。　　The　old　men　placed
at　the　head　of　the　cooking　business　and　of　the　refectories　of　the
servants　praise　the　cleanliness　of　the　streets；　the　houses；　the　ves…
sels；　the　garments；　the　workshops；　and　the　warehouses。

　　　They　wear　white　under…garments　to　which　adheres　a　cover…
ing；　which　is　at　once　coat　and　legging；　without　wrinkles。　　The
borders　of　the　fastenings　are　furnished　with　globular　buttons；
extended　round　and　caught　up　here　and　there　by　chains。　　The
coverings　of　the　legs　descend　to　the　shoes　and　are　continued
even　to　the　heels。　　Then　they　cover　the　feet　with　large　socks；
or；　as　it　were；　half…buskins　fastened　by　buckles；　over　which　they
wear　a　half…boot；　and　besides；　as　I　have　already　said；　they　are
clothed　with　a　toga。　　And　so　aptly　fitting　are　the　garments；
that　when　the　toga　is　destroyed；　the　different　parts　of　the　whole
body　are　straightway　discerned；　no　part　being　concealed。　　They
change　their　clothes　for　different　ones　four　times　in　the　year；
that　is　when　the　sun　enters　respectively　the　constellations　Aries；
Cancer；　Libra；　and　Capricorn；　and　according　to　the　circum…
stances　and　necessity　as　decided　by　the　officer　of　health。　　The
keepers　of　clothes　for　the　different　rings　are　wont　to　distribute
them；　and　it　is　marvellous　that　they　have　at　the　same　time　as
many　garments　as　there　is　need　for；　some　heavy　and　some
slight；　according　to　the　weather。　　They　all　use　white　clothing；
and　this　is　washed　in　each　month　with　lye　or　soap；　as　are　also
the　workshops　of　the　lower　trades；　the　kitchens；　the　pantries
the　barns；　the　store…houses；　the　armories；　the　refectories；　and
the　baths。

　　　Moreover；　the　clothes　are　washed　at　the　pillars　of　the　peri…
styles；　and　the　water　is　brought　down　by　means　of　canals　which
are　continued　as　sewers。　　In　every　street　of　the　different　rings
there　are　suitable　fountains；　which　send　forth　their　water　by
means　of　canals；　the　water　being　drawn　up　from　nearly　the　bot…
tom　of　the　mountain　by　the　sole　movement　of　a　cleverly　con…
trived　handle。　　There　is　water　in　fountains　and　in　cisterns；
whither　the　rain…water　collected　from　the　roofs　of　the　houses
is　brought　through　pipes　full　of　sand。　　They　wash　their　bodies
often；　according　as　the　doctor　and　master　command。　　All　the
mechanical　arts　are　practised　under　the　peristyles；　but　the　spec…
ulative　are　carried　on　above　in　the　walking　galleries　and　ram…
parts　where　are　the　more　splendid　paintings；　but　the　more　sacred
ones　are　taught　in　the　temple。　　In　the　halls　and　wings　of　the
rings　there　are　solar　time…pieces　and　bells；　and　hands　by　which
the　hours　and　seasons　are　marked　off。


G。M。　　Tell　me　about　their　children。


Capt。　　When　their　women　have　brought　forth　children；　they
suckle　and　rear　them　in　temples　set　apart　for　all。　　They　give
milk　for　two　years　or　more　as　the　physician　orders。　　After　that
time　the　weaned　child　is　given　into　the　charge　of　the　mistresses；
if　it　is　a　female；　and　to　the　masters；　if　it　is　a　male。　　And　then
with　other　young　children　they　are　pleasantly　instructed　in　the
alphabet；　and　in　the　knowledge　of　the　pictures；　and　in　running；
walking；　and　wrestling；　also　in　the　historical　drawings；　and　in
languages；　and　they　are　adorned　with　a　suitable　garment　of
different　colors。　　After　their　sixth　year　they　are　taught　natural
science；　and　then　the　mechanical　sciences。　　The　men　who　are
weak　in　intellect　are　sent　to　farms；　and　when　they　have　become
more　proficient　some　of　them　are　received　into　the　State。　　And
those　of　the　same　age　and　born　under　the　same　constellation
are　especially　like　one　another　in　strength　and　in　appearance；
and　hence　arises　much　lasting　concord　in　the　State；　these　men
honoring　one　another　with　mutual　love　and　help。　　Names　are
given　to　them　by　Metaphysicus；　and　that　not　by　chance；　but　de…
signedly；　and　according　to　each　one's　peculiarity；　as　was　the
custom　among　the　ancient　Romans。　　Wherefore　one　is　called
Beautiful　（Pulcher）；　another　the　Big…nosed　（Naso）；　another
the　Fat…legged　（Cranipes）；　another　Crooked　（Torvus）；　an…
other　Lean　（Macer）；　and　so　on。　　But　when　they　have　become
very　skilled　in　their　professions　and　done　any　great　deed　in　war
or　in　time　of　peace；　a　cognomen　from　art　is　given　to　them；　such
as　Beautiful　the　Great　Painter　（Pulcher；　Pictor　Magnus）；　the
Golden　One　（Aureus）；　the　Excellent　One　（Excellens）；　or　the
Strong　（Strenuus）；　or　from　their　deeds；　such　as　Naso　the
Brave　（Nason　Fortis）；　or　the　Cunning；　or　the　Great；　or　Very
Great　Conqueror；　or　from　the　enemy　anyone　has