the city of the sun-第3节

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they　have；　they　receive　it　from　the　community；　and　the　magis…
trate　takes　care　that　no　one　receives　more　than　he　deserves。　　Yet
nothing　necessary　is　denied　to　anyone。　　Friendship　is　recog…
nized　among　them　in　war；　in　infirmity；　in　the　art　contests；　by
which　means　they　aid　one　another　mutually　by　teaching。　　Some…
times　they　improve　themselves　mutually　with　praises；　with　con…
versation；　with　actions；　and　out　of　the　things　they　need。　　All
those　of　the　same　age　call　one　another　brothers。　　They　call　all
over　twenty…two　years　of　age；　fathers；　those　that　are　less　than
twenty…two　are　named　sons。　　Moreover；　the　magistrates　gov…
ern　well；　so　that　no　one　in　the　fraternity　can　do　injury　to　an…
other。


G。M。　　And　how？


Capt。　　As　many　names　of　virtues　as　there　are　among　us；　so
many　magistrates　there　are　among　them。　　There　is　a　magis…
trate　who　is　named　Magnanimity；　another　Fortitude；　a　third
Chastity；　a　fourth　Liberality；　a　fifth　Criminal　and　Civil　Justice；
a　sixth　Comfort；　a　seventh　Truth；　an　eighth　Kindness；　a　tenth
Gratitude；　an　eleventh　Cheerfulness；　a　twelfth　Exercise；　a　thir…
teenth　Sobriety；　etc。　　They　are　elected　to　duties　of　that　kind；
each　one　to　that　duty　for　excellence　in　which　he　is　known　from
boyhood　to　be　most　suitable。　　Wherefore　among　them　neither
robbery　nor　clever　murders；　nor　lewdness；　incest；　adultery；　or
other　crimes　of　which　we　accuse　one　another；　can　be　found。
They　accuse　themselves　of　ingratitude　and　malignity　when　any…
one　denies　a　lawful　satisfaction　to　another　of　indolence；　of　sad…
ness；　of　anger；　of　scurrility；　of　slander；　and　of　lying；　which
curseful　thing　they　thoroughly　hate。　　Accused　persons　under…
going　punishment　are　deprived　of　the　common　table；　and　other
honors；　until　the　judge　thinks　that　they　agree　with　their　cor…
rection。


G。M。　　Tell　me　the　manner　in　which　the　magistrates　are
chosen。


Capt。　　You　would　not　rightly　understand　this；　unless　you
first　learned　their　manner　of　living。　　That　you　may　know；　then；
men　and　women　wear　the　same　kind　of　garment；　suited　for　war。
The　women　wear　the　toga　below　the　knee；　but　the　men　above；
and　both　sexes　are　instructed　in　all　the　arts　together。　　When
this　has　been　done　as　a　start；　and　before　their　third　year；　the
boys　learn　the　language　and　the　alphabet　on　the　walls　by　walk…
ing　round　them。　　They　have　four　leaders；　and　four　elders；　the
first　to　direct　them；　the　second　to　teach　them；　and　these　are　men
approved　beyond　all　others。　　After　some　time　they　exercise
themselves　with　gymnastics；　running；　quoits；　and　other　games；
by　means　of　which　all　their　muscles　are　strengthened　alike。
Their　feet　are　always　bare；　and　so　are　their　heads　as　far　as　the
seventh　ring。　　Afterward　they　lead　them　to　the　offices　of　the
trades；　such　as　shoemaking；　cooking；　metal…working；　carpentry；
painting；　etc。　　In　order　to　find　out　the　bent　of　the　genius　of
each　one；　after　their　seventh　year；　when　they　have　already　gone
through　the　mathematics　on　the　walls；　they　take　them　to　the
readings　of　all　the　sciences；　there　are　four　lectures　at　each　read…
ing；　and　in　the　course　of　four　hours　the　four　in　their　order　ex…
plain　everything。

　　　For　some　take　physical　exercise　or　busy　themselves　with　pub…
lic　services　or　functions；　others　apply　themselves　to　reading。
Leaving　these　studies　all　are　devoted　to　the　more　abstruse　sub…
jects；　to　mathematics；　to　medicine；　and　to　other　sciences。　　There
are　continual　debate　and　studied　argument　among　them；　and
after　a　time　they　become　magistrates　of　those　sciences　or　me…
chanical　arts　in　which　they　are　the　most　proficient；　for　every…
one　follows　the　opinion　of　his　leader　and　judge；　and　goes　out
to　the　plains　to　the　works　of　the　field；　and　for　the　purpose　of
becoming　acquainted　with　the　pasturage　of　the　dumb　animals。
And　they　consider　him　the　more　noble　and　renowned　who　has
dedicated　himself　to　the　study　of　the　most　arts　and　knows　how
to　practise　them　wisely。　　Wherefore　they　laugh　at　us　in　that　we
consider　our　workmen　ignoble；　and　hold　those　to　be　noble　who
have　mastered　no　pursuit；　but　live　in　ease　and　are　so　many
slaves　given　over　to　their　own　pleasure　and　lasciviousness；　and
thus；　as　it　were；　from　a　school　of　vices　so　many　idle　and　wicked
fellows　go　forth　for　the　ruin　of　the　State。

　　　The　rest　of　the　officials；　however；　are　chosen　by　the　four
chiefs；　Hoh；　Pon；　Sin　and　Mor；　and　by　the　teachers　of　that　art
over　which　they　are　fit　to　preside。　　And　these　teachers　know
well　who　is　most　suited　for　rule。　　Certain　men　are　proposed
by　the　magistrates　in　council；　they　themselves　not　seeking　to
become　candidates；　and　he　opposes　who　knows　anything　against
those　brought　forward　for　election；　or；　if　not；　speaks　in　favor
of　them。　　But　no　one　attains　to　the　dignity　of　Hoh　except　him
who　knows　the　histories　of　the　nations；　and　their　customs　and
sacrifices　and　laws；　and　their　form　of　government；　whether　a
republic　or　a　monarchy。　　He　must　also　know　the　names　of　the
lawgivers　and　the　inventors　in　science；　and　the　laws　and　the
history　of　the　earth　and　the　heavenly　bodies。　　They　think　it
also　necessary　that　he　should　understand　all　the　mechanical
arts；　the　physical　sciences；　astrology　and　mathematics。　　Near…
ly　every　two　days　they　teach　our　mechanical　art。　　They　are　not
allowed　to　overwork　themselves；　but　frequent　practice　and　the
paintings　render　learning　easy　to　them。　　Not　too　much　care
is　given　to　the　cultivation　of　languages；　as　they　have　a　goodly
number　of　interpreters　who　are　grammarians　in　the　State。
But　beyond　everything　else　it　is　necessary　that　Hoh　should
understand　metaphysics　and　theology；　that　he　should　know
thoroughly　the　derivations；　foundations；　and　demonstrations　of
all　the　arts　and　sciences；　the　likeness　and　difference　of　things；
necessity；　fate；　and　the　harmonies　of　the　universe；　power；　wis…
dom；　and　the　love　of　things　and　of　God；　the　stages　of　life　and
its　symbols；　everything　relating　to　the　heavens；　the　earth；　and
the　sea；　and　the　ideas　of　God；　as　much　as　mortal　man　can　know
of　him。　　He　must　also　be　well　read　in　the　prophets　and　in　as…
trology。　　And　thus　they　know　long　beforehand　who　will　be
Hoh。　　He　is　not　chosen　to　so　great　a　dignity　unless　he　has　at…
tained　his　thirty…fifth　year。　　And　this　office　is　perpetual；　be…
cause　it　is　not　known　who　may　be　too　wise　for　it　or　who　too
skilled　in　ruling。


G。M。　　Who　indeed　can　be　so　wise？　　If　even　anyone　has　a
knowledge　of　the　sciences　it　seems　that　he　must　be　unskilled
in　ruling。


Capt。　　This　very　question　I　asked　them　and　they　replied
thus：　〃We；　indeed；　are　more　certain　that　such　a　very　learned
man　has　the　knowledge　of　governing；　than　you　who　place　ig…
norant　persons　in　authority；　and　consider　them　suitable　merely
because　they　have　sprung　from　rulers　or　have　been　chosen　by　a
powerful　faction。　　But　our　Hoh；　a　man　really　the　most　capable
to　rule；　is　for　all　that　never　cruel　nor　wicked；　nor　a　tyrant；　inas…
much　as　he　possesses　so　much　wisdom。　　This；　moreover；　is　not
unknown　to　you；　that　the　same　argument　cannot　apply　among
you；　when　you　consider　that　man　the　most　learned　who　knows
most　of　grammar；　or　logic；　or　of　Aristotle　or　any　other　author。
For　such　knowledge　as　this　of　yours　much　servile　labor　and
memory　work　are　required；　so　that　a　man　is　rendered　unskilful；
since　he　has　contemplated　nothing　but　the　words　of　books　and
has　given　his　mind　with　useless　result　to　the　consideration　of
the　dead　signs　of　things。　　Hence　he　knows　not　in　what　way
God　rules　the　universe；　nor　the　ways　and　customs　of　nature　and
the　nations。　　Wherefore　he　is　not　equal　to　our　Hoh。　　For　that
one　cannot　know　so　many　arts　and　sciences　thoroughly；　who　is
not　esteemed　for　skilled　ingenuity；　very　apt　at　all　things；　and
therefore　at　ruling　especially。　　This　also　is　plain　to　us　that　he
who　knows　only　one　science；　does　not　really　know　either　that
or　the　others；　and　he　who　is　suited　for　only　one　science　and　has
gathered　his　knowledge　from　books；　is　unlearned　and　unskilled。
But　this　is　not　the　case　with　intellects　prompt　and　expert　in
every　branch　of　knowledge　and　suitable　for　the　consideration
of　natural　objects；　as　it　is　necessary　that　our　Hoh　should　be。
Besides　in　our　State　the　sciences　are　taught　with　a　facility　（as
you　have　seen）　by　which　more　scholars　are　turned　out　by　us
in　one　year　than　by　you　in　ten；　or　even　fifteen。　　Make　trial；　I
pray　you；　of　these　boys。〃

　　　In　this　matter　I　was　struck　with　astonishment　at　their　truth…
ful　discourse　and　at　the　trial　of　their　boys；　who　did　not　under…
stand　my　language　well。　　Indeed　it　is　necessary　that　three　of
them　should　be　skilled　in　our　tongue；　three　in　Arabic；　three　in
Polish；　and　three　in　each　of　the　other　languages；　and　no　recrea…
tion　is　allowed　them　unless　they　become　more　learned。　　For
that　they　go　out　to　the　plain　for　the　sake　of　running　about　and
hurling　arrows　and　lances；　and　of　firing　harquebuses；　and　for
the　sake　of　hunting　the　wild　animals　and　getting　a　knowledge
of　plants　and　stones；　and　agriculture　and　pasturage；　sometimes
the　band　of　boys　does　one　thing；　sometimes　another。

　　　They　do　not　consider　it　necessary　that　the　three　rulers　assist…
ing　Hoh　should　know　other　than　the　arts　having　reference　to
their　rule；　and　so　they　have　only　a　historical　knowl