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ertaken¡¡in¡¡compliance¡¡with¡¡an¡¡application¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Royal¡¡Society¡£¡¡The¡¡Hon¡£¡¡Captain¡¡Constantine¡¡John¡¡Phipps£»¡¡eldest¡¡son¡¡of¡¡Lord¡¡Mulgrave£»¡¡volunteered¡¡his¡¡services¡£¡¡The¡¡RACEHORSE¡¡and¡¡CARCASS¡¡bombs¡¡were¡¡selected¡¡as¡¡the¡¡strongest¡¡ships£»¡¡and£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡best¡¡adapted¡¡for¡¡such¡¡a¡¡voyage£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡were¡¡taken¡¡into¡¡dock¡¡and¡¡strengthened£»¡¡to¡¡render¡¡them¡¡as¡¡secure¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡against¡¡the¡¡ice¡£¡¡Two¡¡masters¡¡of¡¡Greenlandmen¡¡were¡¡employed¡¡as¡¡pilots¡¡for¡¡each¡¡ship¡£¡¡No¡¡expedition¡¡was¡¡ever¡¡more¡¡carefully¡¡fitted¡¡out£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡First¡¡Lord¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Admiralty£»¡¡Lord¡¡Sandwich£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡laudable¡¡solicitude£»¡¡went¡¡on¡¡board¡¡himself£»¡¡before¡¡their¡¡departure£»¡¡to¡¡see¡¡that¡¡everything¡¡had¡¡been¡¡completed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wish¡¡of¡¡the¡¡officers¡£¡¡The¡¡ships¡¡were¡¡provided¡¡with¡¡a¡¡simple¡¡and¡¡excellent¡¡apparatus¡¡for¡¡distilling¡¡fresh¡¡from¡¡salt¡¡water£»¡¡the¡¡invention¡¡of¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Irving£»¡¡who¡¡accompanied¡¡the¡¡expedition¡£¡¡It¡¡consisted¡¡merely¡¡in¡¡fitting¡¡a¡¡tube¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ship's¡¡kettle£»¡¡and¡¡applying¡¡a¡¡wet¡¡mop¡¡to¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡as¡¡the¡¡vapour¡¡was¡¡passing¡£¡¡By¡¡these¡¡means£»¡¡from¡¡thirty¡­four¡¡to¡¡forty¡¡gallons¡¡were¡¡produced¡¡every¡¡day¡£

They¡¡sailed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Nore¡¡on¡¡the¡¡4th¡¡of¡¡June¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡6th¡¡of¡¡July¡¡they¡¡were¡¡in¡¡latitude¡¡79d¡¡56m¡¡39s£»¡¡longitude¡¡9d¡¡43m¡¡30s¡¡E¡£¡¡The¡¡next¡¡day£»¡¡about¡¡the¡¡place¡¡where¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡discoverers¡¡had¡¡been¡¡stopped£»¡¡the¡¡RACEHORSE¡¡was¡¡beset¡¡with¡¡ice£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡hove¡¡her¡¡through¡¡with¡¡ice¡­¡¡anchors¡£¡¡Captain¡¡Phipps¡¡continued¡¡ranging¡¡along¡¡the¡¡ice£»¡¡northward¡¡and¡¡westward£»¡¡till¡¡the¡¡24th£»¡¡he¡¡then¡¡tried¡¡to¡¡the¡¡eastward¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡30th¡¡he¡¡was¡¡in¡¡latitude¡¡80d¡¡13m£»¡¡longitude¡¡18d¡¡48m¡¡E¡£¡¡among¡¡the¡¡islands¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡ice£»¡¡with¡¡no¡¡appearance¡¡of¡¡an¡¡opening¡¡for¡¡the¡¡ships¡£¡¡The¡¡weather¡¡was¡¡exceedingly¡¡fine£»¡¡mild£»¡¡and¡¡unusually¡¡clear¡£¡¡Here¡¡they¡¡were¡¡becalmed¡¡in¡¡a¡¡large¡¡bay£»¡¡with¡¡three¡¡apparent¡¡openings¡¡between¡¡the¡¡islands¡¡which¡¡formed¡¡it£»¡¡but¡¡everywhere£»¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡they¡¡could¡¡see£»¡¡surrounded¡¡with¡¡ice¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡breath¡¡of¡¡air£»¡¡the¡¡water¡¡was¡¡perfectly¡¡smooth£»¡¡the¡¡ice¡¡covered¡¡with¡¡snow£»¡¡low¡¡and¡¡even£»¡¡except¡¡a¡¡few¡¡broken¡¡pieces¡¡near¡¡the¡¡edge£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡pools¡¡of¡¡water¡¡in¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ice¡­fields¡¡just¡¡crusted¡¡over¡¡with¡¡young¡¡ice¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡next¡¡day¡¡the¡¡ice¡¡closed¡¡upon¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡opening¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡anywhere£»¡¡except¡¡a¡¡hole£»¡¡or¡¡lake¡¡as¡¡it¡¡might¡¡be¡¡called£»¡¡of¡¡about¡¡a¡¡mile¡¡and¡¡a¡¡half¡¡in¡¡circumference£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡ships¡¡lay¡¡fast¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ice¡¡with¡¡their¡¡ice¡­anchors¡£¡¡From¡¡these¡¡ice¡­fields¡¡they¡¡filled¡¡their¡¡casks¡¡with¡¡water£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡very¡¡pure¡¡and¡¡soft¡£¡¡The¡¡men¡¡were¡¡playing¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ice¡¡all¡¡day£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡Greenland¡¡pilots£»¡¡who¡¡were¡¡further¡¡than¡¡they¡¡had¡¡ever¡¡been¡¡before£»¡¡and¡¡considered¡¡that¡¡the¡¡season¡¡was¡¡far¡¡advancing£»¡¡were¡¡alarmed¡¡at¡¡being¡¡thus¡¡beset¡£

The¡¡next¡¡day¡¡there¡¡was¡¡not¡¡the¡¡smallest¡¡opening£»¡¡the¡¡ships¡¡were¡¡within¡¡less¡¡than¡¡two¡¡lengths¡¡of¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡separated¡¡by¡¡ice£»¡¡and¡¡neither¡¡having¡¡room¡¡to¡¡turn¡£¡¡The¡¡ice£»¡¡which¡¡the¡¡day¡¡before¡¡had¡¡been¡¡flat¡¡and¡¡almost¡¡level¡¡with¡¡the¡¡water's¡¡edge£»¡¡was¡¡now¡¡in¡¡many¡¡places¡¡forced¡¡higher¡¡than¡¡the¡¡mainyard¡¡by¡¡the¡¡pieces¡¡squeezing¡¡together¡£¡¡A¡¡day¡¡of¡¡thick¡¡fog¡¡followed£º¡¡it¡¡was¡¡succeeded¡¡by¡¡clear¡¡weather£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡passage¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the¡¡ships¡¡had¡¡entered¡¡from¡¡the¡¡westward¡¡was¡¡closed£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡open¡¡water¡¡was¡¡in¡¡sight£»¡¡either¡¡in¡¡that¡¡or¡¡any¡¡other¡¡quarter¡£¡¡By¡¡the¡¡pilots'¡¡advice¡¡the¡¡men¡¡were¡¡set¡¡to¡¡cut¡¡a¡¡passage£»¡¡and¡¡warp¡¡through¡¡the¡¡small¡¡openings¡¡to¡¡the¡¡westward¡£¡¡They¡¡sawed¡¡through¡¡pieces¡¡of¡¡ice¡¡twelve¡¡feet¡¡thick£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡labour¡¡continued¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡day£»¡¡during¡¡which¡¡their¡¡utmost¡¡efforts¡¡did¡¡not¡¡move¡¡the¡¡ships¡¡above¡¡three¡¡hundred¡¡yards£»¡¡while¡¡they¡¡were¡¡driven£»¡¡together¡¡with¡¡the¡¡ice£»¡¡far¡¡to¡¡the¡¡N¡£E¡£¡¡and¡¡E¡£¡¡by¡¡the¡¡current¡£¡¡Sometimes¡¡a¡¡field¡¡of¡¡several¡¡acres¡¡square¡¡would¡¡be¡¡lifted¡¡up¡¡between¡¡two¡¡larger¡¡islands£»¡¡and¡¡incorporated¡¡with¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡these¡¡larger¡¡pieces¡¡continued¡¡to¡¡grow¡¡by¡¡aggregation¡£¡¡Another¡¡day¡¡passed£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡seemed¡¡no¡¡probability¡¡of¡¡getting¡¡the¡¡ships¡¡out¡¡without¡¡a¡¡strong¡¡E¡£¡¡or¡¡N¡£E¡£¡¡wind¡£¡¡The¡¡season¡¡was¡¡far¡¡advanced£»¡¡and¡¡every¡¡hour¡¡lessened¡¡the¡¡chance¡¡of¡¡extricating¡¡themselves¡£¡¡Young¡¡as¡¡he¡¡was£»¡¡Nelson¡¡was¡¡appointed¡¡to¡¡command¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡boats¡¡which¡¡were¡¡sent¡¡out¡¡to¡¡explore¡¡a¡¡passage¡¡into¡¡the¡¡open¡¡water¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of¡¡saving¡¡a¡¡boat¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡the¡¡RACEHORSE¡¡from¡¡a¡¡singular¡¡but¡¡imminent¡¡danger¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡officers¡¡had¡¡fired¡¡at¡¡and¡¡wounded¡¡a¡¡walrus¡£¡¡As¡¡no¡¡other¡¡animal¡¡has¡¡so¡¡human¡­like¡¡an¡¡expression¡¡in¡¡its¡¡countenance£»¡¡so¡¡also¡¡is¡¡there¡¡none¡¡that¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡possess¡¡more¡¡of¡¡the¡¡passions¡¡of¡¡humanity¡£¡¡The¡¡wounded¡¡animal¡¡dived¡¡immediately£»¡¡and¡¡brought¡¡up¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡its¡¡companions£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡all¡¡joined¡¡in¡¡an¡¡attack¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡boat¡£¡¡They¡¡wrested¡¡an¡¡oar¡¡from¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡with¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡difficulty¡¡that¡¡the¡¡crew¡¡could¡¡prevent¡¡them¡¡from¡¡staving¡¡or¡¡upsetting¡¡her£»¡¡till¡¡the¡¡CARCASS's¡¡boat¡¡came¡¡up£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡walruses£»¡¡finding¡¡their¡¡enemies¡¡thus¡¡reinforced£»¡¡dispersed¡£¡¡Young¡¡Nelson¡¡exposed¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡a¡¡more¡¡daring¡¡manner¡£¡¡One¡¡night£»¡¡during¡¡the¡¡mid¡­watch£»¡¡he¡¡stole¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ship¡¡with¡¡one¡¡of¡¡his¡¡comrades£»¡¡taking¡¡advantage¡¡of¡¡a¡¡rising¡¡fog£»¡¡and¡¡set¡¡off¡¡over¡¡the¡¡ice¡¡in¡¡pursuit¡¡of¡¡a¡¡bear¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡not¡¡long¡¡before¡¡they¡¡were¡¡missed¡£¡¡The¡¡fog¡¡thickened£»¡¡and¡¡Captain¡¡Lutwidge¡¡and¡¡his¡¡officers¡¡became¡¡exceedingly¡¡alarmed¡¡for¡¡their¡¡safety¡£¡¡Between¡¡three¡¡and¡¡four¡¡in¡¡the¡¡morning¡¡the¡¡weather¡¡cleared£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡two¡¡adventurers¡¡were¡¡seen£»¡¡at¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡distance¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ship£»¡¡attacking¡¡a¡¡huge¡¡bear¡£¡¡The¡¡signal¡¡for¡¡them¡¡to¡¡return¡¡was¡¡immediately¡¡made£»¡¡Nelson's¡¡comrade¡¡called¡¡upon¡¡him¡¡to¡¡obey¡¡it£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡vain£»¡¡his¡¡musket¡¡had¡¡flashed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡pan£»¡¡their¡¡ammunition¡¡was¡¡expended£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡chasm¡¡in¡¡the¡¡ice£»¡¡which¡¡divided¡¡him¡¡from¡¡the¡¡bear£»¡¡probably¡¡preserved¡¡his¡¡life¡£¡¡¡¨Never¡¡mind£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡cried£»¡¡¡¨do¡¡but¡¡let¡¡me¡¡get¡¡a¡¡blow¡¡at¡¡this¡¡devil¡¡with¡¡the¡¡butt¡­end¡¡of¡¡my¡¡musket£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡have¡¡him¡£¡¨¡¡Captain¡¡Lutwidge£»¡¡however£»¡¡seeing¡¡his¡¡danger£»¡¡fired¡¡a¡¡gun£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡the¡¡desired¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡frightening¡¡the¡¡beast£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡boy¡¡then¡¡returned£»¡¡somewhat¡¡afraid¡¡of¡¡the¡¡consequences¡¡of¡¡his¡¡trespass¡£¡¡The¡¡captain¡¡reprimanded¡¡him¡¡sternly¡¡for¡¡conduct¡¡so¡¡unworthy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡office¡¡which¡¡he¡¡filled£»¡¡and¡¡desired¡¡to¡¡know¡¡what¡¡motive¡¡he¡¡could¡¡have¡¡for¡¡hunting¡¡a¡¡bear¡£¡¡¡¨Sir£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡he£»¡¡pouting¡¡his¡¡lip£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡was¡¡wont¡¡to¡¡do¡¡when¡¡agitated£»¡¡¡¨I¡¡wished¡¡to¡¡kill¡¡the¡¡bear£»¡¡that¡¡I¡¡might¡¡carry¡¡the¡¡skin¡¡to¡¡my¡¡father¡£¡¨

A¡¡party¡¡were¡¡now¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡an¡¡island£»¡¡about¡¡twelve¡¡miles¡¡off¡¡£¨named¡¡Walden's¡¡Island¡¡in¡¡the¡¡charts£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡midshipman¡¡who¡¡was¡¡intrusted¡¡with¡¡this¡¡service£©£»¡¡to¡¡see¡¡where¡¡the¡¡open¡¡water¡¡lay¡£¡¡They¡¡came¡¡back¡¡with¡¡information¡¡that¡¡the¡¡ice£»¡¡though¡¡close¡¡all¡¡about¡¡them£»¡¡was¡¡open¡¡to¡¡the¡¡westward£»¡¡round¡¡the¡¡point¡¡by¡¡which¡¡they¡¡came¡¡in¡£¡¡They¡¡said¡¡also£»¡¡that¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡island¡¡they¡¡had¡¡had¡¡a¡¡fresh¡¡east¡¡wind¡£¡¡This¡¡intelligence¡¡considerably¡¡abated¡¡the¡¡hopes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡crew£»¡¡for¡¡where¡¡they¡¡lay¡¡it¡¡had¡¡been¡¡almost¡¡calm£»¡¡and¡¡their¡¡main¡¡dependence¡¡had¡¡been¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡an¡¡easterly¡¡wind¡¡in¡¡clearing¡¡the¡¡bay¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡but¡¡one¡¡alternative£º¡¡either¡¡to¡¡wait¡¡the¡¡event¡¡of¡¡the¡¡weather¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡ships£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡betake¡¡themselves¡¡to¡¡the¡¡boats¡£¡¡The¡¡likelihood¡¡that¡¡it¡¡might¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡sacrifice¡¡the¡¡ships¡¡had¡¡been¡¡foreseen¡£¡¡The¡¡boats¡¡accordingly¡¡were¡¡adapted£»¡¡both¡¡in¡¡number¡¡and¡¡size£»¡¡to¡¡transport£»¡¡in¡¡case¡¡of¡¡emergency£»¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡crew£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡were¡¡Dutch¡¡whalers¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡coast£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡could¡¡all¡¡be¡¡conveyed¡¡to¡¡Europe¡£¡¡As¡¡for¡¡wintering¡¡where¡¡they¡¡were£»¡¡that¡¡dreadful¡¡experiment¡¡had¡¡been¡¡already¡¡tried¡¡too¡¡often¡£¡¡No¡¡time¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡lost£»¡¡the¡¡ships¡¡had¡¡driven¡¡into¡¡shoal¡¡water£»¡¡having¡¡but¡¡fourteen¡¡fathoms¡£¡¡Should¡¡they£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡ice¡¡to¡¡which¡¡they¡¡were¡¡fast£»¡¡take¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡they¡¡must¡¡inevitably¡¡be¡¡lost£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡this¡¡time¡¡they¡¡were¡¡driving¡¡fast¡¡toward¡¡some¡¡rocks¡¡on¡¡the¡¡N¡£E¡£¡¡Captain¡¡Phipps¡¡sent¡¡for¡¡the¡¡officers¡¡of¡¡both¡¡ships£»¡¡and¡¡told¡¡them¡¡his¡¡intention¡¡of¡¡preparing¡¡the¡¡boats¡¡for¡¡going¡¡away¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡immediately¡¡hoisted¡¡out£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡fitting¡¡begun¡£¡¡Canvas¡¡bread¡­bags¡¡were¡¡made£»¡¡in¡¡case¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡suddenly¡¡to¡¡desert¡¡the¡¡vessels£»¡¡and¡¡men¡¡were¡¡sent¡¡with¡¡the¡¡lead¡¡and¡¡line¡¡to¡¡N¡£¡¡and¡¡E¡££»¡¡to¡¡sound¡¡wherever¡¡they¡¡found¡¡cracks¡¡in¡¡the¡¡ice£»¡¡that¡¡they¡¡might¡¡have¡¡notice¡¡before¡¡the¡¡ice¡¡took¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡for¡¡in¡¡that¡¡case¡¡the¡¡ships¡¡must¡¡instantly¡¡have¡¡been¡¡crushed¡¡or¡¡overset¡£

On¡¡the¡¡7th¡¡of¡¡August¡¡they¡¡began¡¡to¡¡haul¡¡the¡¡boats¡¡over¡¡the¡¡ice£»¡¡Nelson¡¡having¡¡command¡¡of¡¡a¡¡four¡­oared¡¡¡¡cutter¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡men¡¡behaved¡¡excellently¡¡well£»¡¡like¡¡true¡¡British¡¡seamen£º¡¡they¡¡seemed¡¡reconciled¡¡to¡¡the¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡leaving¡¡the¡¡ships£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡full¡¡confidence¡¡in¡¡their¡¡officers¡£¡¡About¡¡noon£»¡¡the¡¡ice¡¡appeared¡¡rather¡¡more¡¡open¡¡near¡¡the¡¡vessels£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡was¡¡easterly£»¡¡though¡¡there¡¡was¡¡but¡¡little¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡the¡¡sails¡¡were¡¡set£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡got¡¡about¡¡a¡¡mile¡¡to¡¡the¡¡westward¡£¡¡They¡¡moved¡¡very¡¡slowly£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡not¡¡now¡¡nearly¡¡so¡¡far¡¡to¡¡the¡¡westward¡¡as¡¡when¡¡they¡¡were¡¡first¡¡beset¡£¡¡However£»¡¡all¡¡sail¡¡was¡¡kept¡¡upon¡¡them£»¡¡to¡¡force¡¡them¡¡through¡¡whenever¡¡the¡¡ice¡¡slacked¡¡the¡¡least¡£¡¡Whatever¡¡exertions¡¡were¡¡made£»¡¡it¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡get¡¡the¡¡boats¡¡to¡¡the¡¡water's¡¡edge¡¡before¡¡the¡¡14th£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡the¡¡situation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ships¡¡should¡¡not¡¡alter¡¡by¡¡that¡¡time£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡justifiable¡¡to¡¡stay¡¡longer¡¡by¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡commander¡¡therefore¡¡resolved¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡on¡¡both¡¡attempts¡¡together£»¡¡moving¡¡the¡¡boats¡¡constantly£»¡¡and¡¡taking¡¡every¡¡opportunity¡¡of¡¡getting¡¡the¡¡ships¡¡through¡£¡¡A¡¡party¡¡was¡¡sent¡¡out¡¡next¡¡day¡¡to¡¡the¡¡westward¡¡to¡¡examine¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ice£º¡¡they¡¡returned¡¡with¡¡tidings¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡very¡¡heavy¡¡and¡¡close£»¡¡consisting¡¡chiefly¡¡of¡¡large¡¡fields¡£¡¡The¡¡ships£»¡¡however£»¡¡moved¡¡something£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡ice¡¡itself¡¡was¡¡drifting¡¡westward¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡a¡¡thick¡¡fog£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡as

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